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SOC101
Midterm Preparation Lecture Wise MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)
Lesson no 1:
1.
What is sociology?
· A. The study of plants and animals
· B. The study of society and human
behavior
· C. The study of celestial bodies
· D. The study of chemical reactions
Answer:
B. The study of society and human behavior
2.
What distinguishes sociology as a field of study?
· A. It is purely theoretical
· B. It is a thing lived
· C. It focuses on physical sciences
· D. It studies only individual
behavior
Answer:
B. It is a thing lived
3.
Which historical period influenced the development of sociology?
· A. The Renaissance
· B. The Scientific Revolution
· C. The Industrial Revolution
· D. The Enlightenment
Answer:
C. The Industrial Revolution
4.
Who is credited with popularizing the term "sociology"?
· A. Emile Durkheim
· B. Herbert Spencer
· C. Auguste Comte
· D. Karl Marx
Answer:
C. Auguste Comte
5.
According to Auguste Comte, what is the goal of sociology?
· A. To challenge established ways
of thinking
· B. To study society objectively
and improve it
· C. To promote individualism
· D. To analyze human behavior
subjectively
Answer:
B. To study society objectively and improve it
6.
What is the Law of Three Stages according to Auguste Comte?
· A. The evolution of cultures
· B. The development of scientific
method
· C. The historical progression of
society
· D. The principles characterizing
society
Answer:
C. The historical progression of society
7.
Who is considered the second founder of sociology?
· A. Karl Marx
· B. Herbert Spencer
· C. Emile Durkheim
· D. Auguste Comte
Answer:
B. Herbert Spencer
8.
What does Social Darwinism, as proposed by Herbert Spencer, suggest?
· A. Society evolves naturally from
primitive to sophisticated forms
· B. Society is static and
unchanging
· C. Society is shaped by divine
intervention
· D. Society is unaffected by
individual actions
Answer:
A. Society evolves naturally from primitive to sophisticated forms
9.
According to Karl Marx, what is the basis of capitalism?
· A. State ownership
· B. Unequal private ownership of
the means of production
· C. Equal distribution of wealth
· D. Collective ownership of
resources
Answer:
B. Unequal private ownership of the means of production
10.
What concept is associated with Karl Marx's view on the division of labor?
· A. Social solidarity
· B. Alienation
· C. Social Darwinism
· D. Positivism
Answer:
B. Alienation
11.
What term did Karl Marx use to describe the driving force of history?
· A. Social Darwinism
· B. Dialectical Materialism
· C. Positivism
· D. Collective Conscience
Answer:
B. Dialectical Materialism
12.
Who focused more on social order than on structural problems with capitalism?
· A. Karl Marx
· B. Auguste Comte
· C. Emile Durkheim
· D. Herbert Spencer
Answer:
C. Emile Durkheim
13.
What does Emile Durkheim refer to as social facts?
· A. Statistical data
· B. Collective and external ways
that society shapes behavior
· C. Personal opinions
· D. Scientific principles
Answer:
B. Collective and external ways that society shapes behavior
14.
According to Durkheim, what is the nature of society?
· A. Individualistic
· B. Collective with its own
qualities and characteristics
· C. Subjective
· D. Isolated
Answer:
B. Collective with its own qualities and characteristics
15.
What is organic solidarity, according to Durkheim?
· A. Social bonds based on shared
traditions
· B. Social cohesion from the
division of labor
· C. Social order from collective
conscience
· D. Social ties in traditional
societies
Answer:
B. Social cohesion from the division of labor
16.
What did Durkheim believe would happen to religion in modern society?
· A. It would become more dogmatic
· B. It would disappear completely
· C. It would adapt and continue to
exist
· D. It would be replaced by science
Answer:
C. It would adapt and continue to exist
17.
According to Auguste Comte, sociology is the result of:
· A. Religious beliefs
· B. Three-stage historical
progression
· C. Scientific revolution
· D. Technological advancements
Answer:
B. Three-stage historical progression
18.
What does Herbert Spencer's theory of "survival of the fittest"
suggest?
· A. Weaker individuals survive in
society
· B. Society evolves through
cooperation
· C. The strongest individuals
create a more advanced civilization
· D. All individuals have equal
chances of survival
Answer:
C. The strongest individuals create a more advanced civilization
19.
According to Spencer, what is improper in society?
· A. Government intervention
· B. Charity and altruism
· C. Individualism
· D. Technological advancements
Answer:
B. Charity and altruism
20.
What does Karl Marx believe is the root of evil in society?
· A. Lack of government intervention
· B. Failure to adapt to
surroundings
· C. Unequal private ownership
· D. Lack of individualism
Answer:
C. Unequal private ownership
21.
What is alienated labor, according to Marx?
· A. Labor performed by
extraterrestrial beings
· B. Division of labor necessary for
efficiency
· C. The dehumanizing effect of
commercialization of labor
· D. Fair distribution of labor in
society
Answer:
C. The dehumanizing effect of commercialization of labor
22.
According to Marx, what is capitalism based on?
· A. Equal distribution of wealth
· B. State ownership
· C. Unequal private ownership
· D. Collective ownership of
resources
Answer:
C. Unequal private ownership
23.
What term did Marx use to describe historical conflicts leading to change?
· A. Positivism
· B. Survival of the fittest
· C. Dialectical materialism
· D. Social solidarity
Answer:
C. Dialectical materialism
24.
Emile Durkheim was born in which country?
· A. Germany
· B. France
· C. England
· D. Italy
Answer:
B. France
25.
Durkheim's sociology is often referred to as:
· A. Individualism
· B. Functionalism
· C. Social Darwinism
· D. Positivism
Answer:
B. Functionalism
26.
What did Durkheim study in his groundbreaking research of 1897?
· A. Suicide rates in ancient
societies
· B. Marriage patterns in modern society
· C. Social integration in
traditional communities
· D. Suicide rates in 19th-century
Europe
Answer:
D. Suicide rates in 19th-century Europe
27.
According to Durkheim, what is altruistic suicide?
· A. Suicide due to self-centeredness
· B. Suicide from lack of social
integration
· C. Suicide from excessive
integration with a social group
· D. Suicide during anomie
Answer:
C. Suicide from excessive integration with a social group
28.
What does egoistic suicide, according to Durkheim, result from?
· A. Lack of social integration
· B. Excessive social integration
· C. Rapid disruption of social
patterns
· D. Mechanically bound social ties
Answer:
A. Lack of social integration
29.
In what context does anomie suicide occur?
· A. Strong social integration
· B. Absence of norms or established
standards
· C. Collective conscience
· D. Mechanical solidarity
Answer:
B. Absence of norms or established standards
30.
What does Durkheim refer to as the collective conscience?
· A. Shared religious beliefs
· B. Individual opinions
· C. Society's collectively held
sentiments and values
· D. State laws and regulations
Answer:
C. Society's collectively held sentiments and values
31.
Durkheim's concept of "mechanical solidarity" is associated with:
· A. Traditional societies
· B. Industrialized societies
· C. Post-modern societies
· D. Socialist societies
Answer:
A. Traditional societies
32.
The specialized division of labor leads to what type of solidarity according to
Durkheim?
· A. Mechanical solidarity
· B. Organic solidarity
· C. Collective conscience
· D. Anomic solidarity
Answer:
B. Organic solidarity
33.
What does Durkheim mean by the term "sui generis reality"?
· A. Objective reality independent
of individual actors
· B. Subjective reality based on
personal beliefs
· C. Statistical reality derived
from data
· D. Theoretical reality envisioned
by philosophers
Answer:
A. Objective reality independent of individual actors
34.
Durkheim's view on the relationship between science and religion is that:
· A. Science can replace religion
· B. Science and religion are in
opposition
· C. Both science and religion serve
related purposes
· D. Religion is obsolete in modern
society
Answer:
C. Both science and religion serve related purposes
35.
Durkheim believed that science cannot replace religion because:
· A. Science lacks empirical
evidence
· B. Science does not express life
· C. Science is based on individual
beliefs
· D. Science strengthens social ties
Answer:
B. Science does not express life
36.
What did Durkheim argue about the endurance of religion in modern society?
· A. Religion would dwindle and
disappear
· B. Religion would change and adapt
· C. Science would replace religion
entirely
· D. Religion is unnecessary in
modern societies
Answer:
B. Religion would change and adapt
37.
In addition to religion, what are some functional analogues that strengthen
social cohesion?
· A. Political ideologies
· B. Economic systems
· C. Rituals and activities like
sports, knitting circles, and book clubs
· D. Scientific advancements
Answer:
C. Rituals and activities like sports, knitting circles, and book clubs
38.
Durkheim's term "organic solidarity" is compared to the
interdependence seen in:
· A. Traditional societies
· B. Lower animals
· C. Socialist societies
· D. State-controlled societies
Answer:
B. Lower animals
39.
What does Durkheim's concept of "collective conscience" exercise
control over?
· A. Individual freedoms
· B. Economic systems
· C. Entire communities
· D. State laws and regulations
Answer:
A. Individual freedoms
40.
According to Durkheim, what is one challenge faced by individuals in traditional
communities?
· A. Lack of social integration
· B. Excessive individualism
· C. Too much freedom
· D. Overwhelming social
restrictions
Answer:
D. Overwhelming social restrictions
41.
Durkheim's study of suicide categorized types of suicide based on:
· A. Economic status
· B. Biological factors
· C. Social integration and
regulation
· D. Political affiliations
Answer:
C. Social integration and regulation
42.
What is altruistic suicide, according to Durkheim?
· A. Suicide due to economic
hardships
· B. Suicide resulting from
excessive individualism
· C. Suicide when a person
integrates too much with their social group
· D. Suicide in the absence of
social norms
Answer:
C. Suicide when a person integrates too much with their social group
43.
What characterizes egoistic suicide according to Durkheim?
· A. Suicide due to economic
prosperity
· B. Suicide in socially integrated
communities
· C. Suicide in socially
disintegrated contexts
· D. Suicide as an act of altruism
Answer:
C. Suicide in socially disintegrated contexts
44.
What does the term "anomie" describe in Durkheim's theory of suicide?
· A. The presence of strong social
norms
· B. The absence of norms or
established standards
· C. A form of altruistic suicide
· D. Anomic solidarity in society
Answer:
B. The absence of norms or established standards
45.
What is the concept of "mechanical solidarity" associated with?
· A. Traditional societies
· B. Industrialized societies
· C. Post-modern societies
· D. Socialist societies
Answer:
A. Traditional societies
46.
According to Durkheim, what is the relationship between individual
specialization and the division of labor?
· A. Individual specialization is
discouraged in industrialized societies
· B. Individual specialization is
not influenced by the division of labor
· C. The division of labor
necessitates individual specialization
· D. The division of labor leads to
collective conformity
Answer:
C. The division of labor necessitates individual specialization
47.
Durkheim's concept of "organic solidarity" is related to:
· A. Mechanical solidarity
· B. Collective conscience
· C. Interdependence in specialized
roles
· D. Absence of social norms
Answer:
C. Interdependence in specialized roles
48.
What does Durkheim mean by the term "collective conscience"?
· A. Individual beliefs and values
· B. Social norms and expectations
collectively held by a society
· C. A collection of scientific
facts
· D. A set of religious doctrines
Answer:
B. Social norms and expectations collectively held by a society
49.
Durkheim believed that science and religion serve related purposes. What does
science primarily supply according to Durkheim?
· A. Moral remaking
· B. Social bonding
· C. Information
· D. Rituals
Answer:
C. Information
50.
What did Durkheim argue about the relationship between science and religion in
terms of social integration?
· A. Science can replace religion in
social integration
· B. Science and religion are unrelated
to social integration
· C. Both science and religion
contribute to social integration
· D. Religion is irrelevant in
modern societies
Answer:
C. Both science and religion contribute to social integration
Short Answer
Questions:
1. What is
sociology, and how does Peter Berger describe it? Answer:
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of society, social structures,
and human behavior. Peter Berger describes sociology as not just a practice but
an attempt to understand.
2. Explain the
impact of the scientific revolution on the development of sociology. Answer:
The scientific revolution of the 17th century emphasized systematic observation
and empirical data, laying the foundation for a scientific approach. This
approach challenged traditional notions and contributed to the emergence of
sociology.
3. Who is
considered the advocate of positivism in sociology, and what does it entail? Answer:
Auguste Comte is considered the advocate of positivism in sociology. Positivism
involves applying the scientific method to social contexts, focusing on
observable evidence and objective analysis.
4. According to
Auguste Comte, what was the objective of sociology, and what method did he
emphasize? Answer: Comte believed sociology's objective
was to identify social principles for social improvement. He emphasized
objectivity and the scientific method, similar to the study of natural
sciences.
5. Define Social
Darwinism and its key proponent. Answer: Social Darwinism,
coined by Herbert Spencer, is the idea that societies evolve naturally, with
the "fittest" individuals contributing to progress. It applied
Darwin's evolutionary principles to societal development.
6. How did
Herbert Spencer view the role of government and altruism in society? Answer:
Spencer opposed government interference and private altruism. He believed in
the survival of the fittest and that helping the needy, whether from the
government or individuals, was counterproductive.
7. Explain Karl
Marx's perspective on capitalism and its impact on social inequality. Answer:
Marx saw capitalism as a system based on unequal private ownership. The
bourgeoisie, who own the means of production, exploit the proletariat, leading
to structured inequality and widening economic gaps.
8. What is alienated
labor in Marx's theory of capitalism? Answer: Alienated labor is
the dehumanizing effect of the division of labor in capitalism. Workers become
commodities, detached from the products of their labor, due to profit-driven
production goals.
9. Describe
Marx's concept of dialectical materialism and its role in history. Answer:
Marx's dialectical materialism sees history as a process with conflicts in each
economic age. Social revolution, driven by contradictions, leads to changes in
economic conditions and social structures.
10. Who is Emile
Durkheim, and how did he view society in terms of social structures? Answer:
Emile Durkheim viewed society as a complex system with interrelated structures.
His sociology, known as functionalism, focused on how separate components
contribute to the efficient functioning of the whole.
11. What are
social facts according to Durkheim, and why does he emphasize empirical
inquiry? Answer: Social facts are external ways
society shapes behavior. Durkheim emphasizes empirical inquiry to study them
objectively, treating them as entities that exist independently of personal
thoughts or attitudes.
12. Explain
Durkheim's concept of "organic solidarity" and its relation to the
division of labor. Answer: Organic solidarity results from the
specialized division of labor, creating interdependence. It contrasts with
mechanical solidarity found in traditional societies, where social bonds are
based on shared structures.
13. How did
Durkheim categorize types of suicide, and what factors influence suicide rates? Answer:
Durkheim categorized suicide types as altruistic, egoistic, and anomic. Factors
influencing suicide rates include the degree of social integration and
regulation.
14. Define
"anomie" in Durkheim's theory of suicide and its connection to social
disruption. Answer: Anomie refers to the absence of
norms or established standards. It is connected to suicide in situations where
typical social patterns are abruptly disrupted.
15. What does
Durkheim mean by the "collective conscience" in society? Answer:
The collective conscience is the collectively held sentiments, values, and
ideals of society. It exercises control over individuals, upholding social
harmony and order.
16. How does
Durkheim view the relationship between science and religion in modern society? Answer:
Durkheim believes science supplies information, while religion provides moral
remaking and social bonding. Both contribute to social integration, and he sees
them as serving related purposes.
17. According to
Durkheim, what characterizes traditional societies in terms of social ties and
order? Answer: Mechanical solidarity characterizes
traditional societies, with social ties formed by shared relationships, family
histories, vocations, and experiences.
18. How does
Durkheim differentiate between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity? Answer:
Mechanical solidarity relies on shared structures and social bonds in
traditional societies. Organic solidarity results from the specialized division
of labor, creating interdependence in modern societies.
19. Explain
Durkheim's concept of "egoistic suicide" and its connection to
individualism. Answer: Egoistic suicide occurs in socially
disintegrated contexts where people are overly self-centered, leading to weak
connections to others and social groupings.
20. What role
does empirical inquiry play in Durkheim's scientific sociology? Answer:
Empirical inquiry, using data and drawing conclusions, forms the foundation for
Durkheim's scientific sociology. It allows the study of social phenomena
objectively.
Long Answer
Questions:
1. Discuss the
historical progression of sociology according to Auguste Comte, including the
stages and his concept of positivism. Answer: Auguste Comte
identified a three-stage historical progression in sociology. Theological
perspectives dominated early human history, followed by a metaphysical stage
during the Renaissance. The scientific stage, influenced by thinkers like
Copernicus and Newton, was Comte's contribution. He coined the term "sociology"
and advocated positivism, applying the scientific method to social contexts for
objective analysis.
2. Evaluate
Herbert Spencer's contributions to sociology, focusing on his evolutionary
theory and the concept of Social Darwinism. Answer: Herbert Spencer,
considered the second founder of sociology, contributed significantly with
works like "Social Statics" and "The Principles of
Sociology." His evolutionary theory suggested natural progress from
"barbarian" to "civilized" forms. Spencer coined the term
"survival of the fittest," influencing Social Darwinism. His views on
limited government intervention and opposition to altruism shaped sociological
thought.
3. Analyze Karl
Marx's critique of capitalism, emphasizing concepts like wage labor,
alienation, and dialectical materialism. Answer: Karl Marx's critique
of capitalism highlighted its exploitative nature. Wage labor involved the
commodification of labor for profit. Alienation resulted from the dehumanizing
effects of the division of labor. Marx's dialectical materialism emphasized
historical conflicts leading to social revolution. He viewed capitalism as
perpetuating inequality and sought to expose its inherent contradictions.
4. Explore Emile
Durkheim's contributions to sociology, including his views on social facts,
organic solidarity, and the scientific study of suicide. Answer:
Emile Durkheim's contributions include the concept of social facts—external
ways society shapes behavior. He introduced the idea of organic solidarity in
modern societies, emphasizing interdependence from the division of labor.
Durkheim's scientific study of suicide categorized types based on social
integration and regulation, introducing concepts like egoistic and altruistic
suicide.
5. Compare and
contrast Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity, illustrating
how they operate in traditional and modern societies. Answer:
Durkheim's mechanical solidarity is characteristic of traditional societies,
where shared structures and bonds create unity. Organic solidarity, found in
modern societies, arises from the specialized division of labor, fostering
interdependence. The transition signifies a shift from homogeneous social ties
to complex, interrelated roles.
6. Discuss
Durkheim's typology of suicide, exploring the factors influencing suicide rates
and the role of social integration. Answer: Durkheim categorized
suicide into altruistic, egoistic, and anomic types. Factors influencing rates
include the degree of social integration and regulation. Altruistic suicide
stems from excessive integration, egoistic from disintegration, and anomic from
a lack of social norms. Social integration's role in suicide emphasizes the
importance of societal bonds.
7. Explain the
concept of "anomie" in Durkheim's theory of suicide, detailing its
relationship with social disruption and suicide rates. Answer:
Anomie refers to the absence of norms, causing social disruption. In Durkheim's
theory of suicide, anomie is linked to situations where abrupt disruptions in
social patterns lead to increased suicide rates. This occurs when individuals
experience a lack of guidance and social regulation, resulting in heightened
vulnerability.
8. Elaborate on Durkheim's
perspective on the relationship between science and religion in modern society,
focusing on their roles in social integration. Answer:
Durkheim argued that science and religion both contribute to social
integration. Science provides information, while religion offers moral remaking
and social bonding. He viewed them as serving related purposes in reinforcing
collective conscience. In modern society, a balance between both is essential
for maintaining social cohesion and order.
Lesson no 2:
1. What does the
sociological imagination allow us to do?
·
A. See the world through a personal lens
·
B. Understand the connection between history and
biography
·
C. Focus on individual experiences only
·
D. Disregard societal influences
Answer: B. Understand the connection between history and biography
2. According to
C. Wright Mills, what does the sociological imagination help us recognize?
·
A. Isolation of individuals
·
B. Connection between biography and history
·
C. Independence from society
·
D. Internal mechanisms of behavior
Answer: B. Connection between biography and history
3. What is a key
distinction when using a sociological imagination?
·
A. Individual behaviors are solely due to internal
mechanisms
·
B. Understanding general patterns beyond individual
impacts
·
C. Ignoring broader societal frameworks
·
D. Focusing solely on personal issues
Answer: B. Understanding general patterns beyond individual impacts
4. What does
Duncan Watts argue regarding common sense and social phenomena?
·
A. Common sense is always accurate in understanding
social behaviors
·
B. Common sense is frequently inaccurate in
understanding social phenomena
·
C. Common sense is more reliable in sociology than
in physics
·
D. Common sense doesn't play a role in sociology
Answer: B. Common sense is frequently inaccurate in understanding
social phenomena
5. According to
Watts, why do people trust common sense in understanding social behaviors?
·
A. Lack of alternatives
·
B. Human tendency to rely on intuition
·
C. Limited advancements in sociology
·
D. Superiority of common sense in sociology
Answer: B. Human tendency to rely on intuition
6. What is
essential to sociological understanding, according to Mills?
·
A. Personal experiences within a community
·
B. Independence from historical events
·
C. Internal mechanisms inherited at birth
·
D. Objective reasoning without external influences
Answer: A. Personal experiences within a community
7. What is the
implied fourth requirement to prove causality?
·
A. Temporal order
·
B. Empirical association
·
C. The exclusion of reasonable alternatives
·
D. Consistency with theoretical frameworks
Answer: D. Consistency with theoretical frameworks
8. What does
temporal order in causality refer to?
·
A. Cause occurring after the effect
·
B. Effect occurring before the cause
·
C. Establishing a relationship between variables
·
D. Direction of causality from cause to effect
Answer: D. Direction of causality from cause to effect
9. What is the
main goal of sociology regarding social problems?
·
A. Ignore social issues
·
B. Study issues that impact individuals only
·
C. Study issues beyond individual impacts
·
D. Focus on theoretical frameworks
Answer: C. Study issues beyond individual impacts
10. What is
sociology's most exciting feature, according to the provided content?
·
A. Focus on personal experiences
·
B. Exclusivity to academic scholars
·
C. Examination of global and local perspectives
·
D. Ignoring social phenomena
Answer: C. Examination of global and local perspectives
11. According to
Mills, what does sociology recognize about individuals in society?
·
A. Independence from society
·
B. Products of their particular society and
historical era
·
C. Isolation from historical events
·
D. Lack of impact on society
Answer: B. Products of their particular society and historical era
12. What is one
of the key tasks for sociologists mentioned in the content?
·
A. Accepting common sense without scrutiny
·
B. Debunking myths and spotting societal trends
·
C. Limiting observations to personal experiences
·
D. Focusing solely on individual behaviors
Answer: B. Debunking myths and spotting societal trends
13. According to
Watts, why is common sense thinking often inaccurate in sociology?
·
A. Lack of human intuition
·
B. Complexity of social behaviors
·
C. Consistency with theoretical frameworks
·
D. Advancements in sociological methods
Answer: B. Complexity of social behaviors
14. What is
crucial for sociological understanding, according to the sociological
imagination?
·
A. Isolation from historical events
·
B. External influences shaping behavior
·
C. Personal experiences within a community
·
D. Internal mechanisms inherited at birth
Answer: C. Personal experiences within a community
15. What does
the content suggest about the relationship between personal problems and social
problems?
·
A. Personal problems have no impact on society
·
B. Personal problems are solely individual concerns
·
C. Understanding the general in the specific is
essential
·
D. Sociology ignores the relationship between
personal and social problems
Answer:
C. Understanding the general in the specific is essential
16.
What does sociology focus on regarding alcoholism, according to the content?
· A. Individual experiences of
alcoholics
· B. Impact on the alcoholic and
immediate family only
· C. Broader sociological
perspective beyond individual impacts
· D. Ignoring alcoholism as a social
issue
Answer: C. Broader sociological perspective beyond
individual impacts
17.
According to Topic-008, what are some key questions for thinking like a
sociologist?
· A. Personal experiences and biases
· B. Historical events and
traditions
· C. Social norms, values, and
beliefs
· D. Internal mechanisms and
instincts
Answer: C. Social norms, values, and beliefs
18.
How does sociology contribute to understanding human behavior, as mentioned in
Topic-010?
· A. Ignoring societal influences
· B. Simplifying human experience
· C. Recognizing the impact of
various factors on behavior
· D. Focusing solely on individual
influences
Answer: C. Recognizing the impact of various
factors on behavior
19.
According to Topic-011, what are the three conditions to prove causality?
· A. Temporal order, empirical
association, and consistency
· B. Temporal order, empirical
association, and exclusion of reasonable alternatives
· C. Temporal order, theoretical
frameworks, and no spuriousness
· D. Temporal order, statistical
correlation, and societal impact
Answer: B. Temporal order, empirical association,
and exclusion of reasonable alternatives
20.
What is an example of a sociological theme mentioned in Topic-012?
· A. Study of individual experiences
· B. Analysis of global economic
trends
· C. Focus on personal beliefs
· D. Ignoring the influence of race
and ethnicity
Answer: B. Analysis of global economic trends
21.
According to Topic-009, why might people think sociology is just another form
of received wisdom?
· A. Lack of advancements in
sociology
· B. Misunderstanding the value of
sociology
· C. Sociology's recent emergence as
a field of study
· D. Inability to comprehend
sociological perspectives
Answer: C. Sociology's recent emergence as a field
of study
22.
What does sociology study, according to the provided content?
· A. Personal experiences only
· B. External influences on behavior
· C. Societal influences on
individuals
· D. Theoretical frameworks without
empirical evidence
Answer: C. Societal influences on individuals
23.
What does sociology recognize about individuals and their behaviors?
· A. Independence from societal
norms
· B. Lack of impact from external
influences
· C. Shaping behavior through
internal mechanisms only
· D. Being products of society and
historical context
Answer: D. Being products of society and historical
context
24.
What is essential for understanding causality, according to Topic-011?
· A. Empirical association alone
· B. Temporal order and theoretical
frameworks
· C. Exclusion of reasonable
alternatives
· D. No spuriousness without
statistical correlation
Answer: C. Exclusion of reasonable alternatives
25.
According to Topic-010, what factors influence human behavior?
· A. Only internal influences
· B. Social, cultural, and
psychological factors
· C. Independence from power and
inequality
· D. Exclusion of theoretical
perspectives
Answer: B. Social, cultural, and psychological
factors
26.
What is one of sociology's exciting features, as mentioned in the content?
· A. Limitation to academic scholars
· B. Exclusive focus on personal
experiences
· C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
· D. Ignoring societal variations
Answer: C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
27.
According to Topic-012, what are some examples of sociological themes and
topics?
· A. Personal beliefs and individual
experiences
· B. Analysis of global economic
trends; race, ethnicity, and discrimination
· C. Focus on trans-cultural values
and attitudes
· D. Ignoring the influence of
gender and sexuality
Answer: B. Analysis of global economic trends;
race, ethnicity, and discrimination
28.
What is the relationship between sociology and common sense, according to
Topic-009?
· A. Sociology contradicts common
sense
· B. Sociology ignores common sense
· C. Sociology challenges common
sense and offers public knowledge
· D. Sociology relies solely on
common sense
Answer: C. Sociology challenges common sense and
offers public knowledge
29.
How does sociology contribute to understanding human behavior, as mentioned in
Topic-010?
· A. Focusing solely on individual
factors
· B. Simplifying human experience
· C. Recognizing the influence of
power and inequality
· D. Applying theoretical
perspectives without practical applications
Answer: C. Recognizing the influence of power and
inequality
30.
According to Topic-009, why might people think sociology is just another form
of received wisdom?
· A. Lack of advancements in
sociology
· B. Misunderstanding the value of
sociology
· C. Sociology's recent emergence as
a field of study
· D. Inability to comprehend
sociological perspectives
Answer: C. Sociology's recent emergence as a field
of study
31.
According to Topic-011, what is the fourth implied requirement to prove
causality?
· A. Temporal order
· B. Empirical association
· C. Exclusion of reasonable
alternatives
· D. Consistency with theoretical
frameworks
Answer: D. Consistency with theoretical frameworks
32.
What does sociology study, according to the provided content?
· A. Personal experiences only
· B. External influences on behavior
· C. Societal influences on
individuals
· D. Theoretical frameworks without
empirical evidence
Answer: C. Societal influences on individuals
33.
According to Topic-009, why might people think sociology is just another form
of received wisdom?
· A. Lack of advancements in
sociology
· B. Misunderstanding the value of
sociology
· C. Sociology's recent emergence as
a field of study
· D. Inability to comprehend
sociological perspectives
Answer: C. Sociology's recent emergence as a field
of study
34.
What is essential for understanding causality, according to Topic-011?
· A. Empirical association alone
· B. Temporal order and theoretical
frameworks
· C. Exclusion of reasonable
alternatives
· D. No spuriousness without
statistical correlation
Answer: C. Exclusion of reasonable alternatives
35.
According to Topic-010, what factors influence human behavior?
· A. Only internal influences
· B. Social, cultural, and
psychological factors
· C. Independence from power and
inequality
· D. Exclusion of theoretical
perspectives
Answer: B. Social, cultural, and
psychological factors
36.
According to Topic-011, what does the exclusion of reasonable alternatives mean
in proving causality?
· A. Ruling out logical
possibilities
· B. Accepting all possible
explanations
· C. Ignoring empirical association
· D. Focusing on theoretical
frameworks
Answer: A. Ruling out logical possibilities
37.
What is one of sociology's most exciting features, as mentioned in the content?
· A. Limitation to academic scholars
· B. Exclusive focus on personal
experiences
· C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
· D. Ignoring societal variations
Answer: C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
38.
According to Topic-012, what are some examples of sociological themes and
topics?
· A. Personal beliefs and individual
experiences
· B. Analysis of global economic
trends; race, ethnicity, and discrimination
· C. Focus on trans-cultural values
and attitudes
· D. Ignoring the influence of
gender and sexuality
Answer: B. Analysis of global economic trends; race,
ethnicity, and discrimination
39.
What is the relationship between sociology and common sense, according to
Topic-009?
· A. Sociology contradicts common
sense
· B. Sociology ignores common sense
· C. Sociology challenges common
sense and offers public knowledge
· D. Sociology relies solely on
common sense
Answer: C. Sociology challenges common sense and
offers public knowledge
40.
How does sociology contribute to understanding human behavior, as mentioned in
Topic-010?
· A. Focusing solely on individual
factors
· B. Simplifying human experience
· C. Recognizing the influence of
power and inequality
· D. Applying theoretical
perspectives without practical applications
Answer: C. Recognizing the influence of power and
inequality
41.
According to Topic-009, why might people think sociology is just another form
of received wisdom?
· A. Lack of advancements in
sociology
· B. Misunderstanding the value of
sociology
· C. Sociology's recent emergence as
a field of study
· D. Inability to comprehend
sociological perspectives
Answer: C. Sociology's recent emergence as a field
of study
42.
According to Topic-011, what is the fourth implied requirement to prove causality?
· A. Temporal order
· B. Empirical association
· C. Exclusion of reasonable
alternatives
· D. Consistency with theoretical
frameworks
Answer: D. Consistency with theoretical frameworks
43.
What does sociology study, according to the provided content?
· A. Personal experiences only
· B. External influences on behavior
· C. Societal influences on
individuals
· D. Theoretical frameworks without
empirical evidence
Answer: C. Societal influences on individuals
44.
According to Topic-009, why might people think sociology is just another form
of received wisdom?
· A. Lack of advancements in
sociology
· B. Misunderstanding the value of
sociology
· C. Sociology's recent emergence as
a field of study
· D. Inability to comprehend
sociological perspectives
Answer: C. Sociology's recent emergence as a field
of study
45.
What is essential for understanding causality, according to Topic-011?
· A. Empirical association alone
· B. Temporal order and theoretical
frameworks
· C. Exclusion of reasonable
alternatives
· D. No spuriousness without
statistical correlation
Answer: C. Exclusion of reasonable alternatives
46.
According to Topic-010, what factors influence human behavior?
· A. Only internal influences
· B. Social, cultural, and
psychological factors
· C. Independence from power and
inequality
· D. Exclusion of theoretical
perspectives
Answer: B. Social, cultural, and psychological
factors
47.
What is one of sociology's most exciting features, as mentioned in the content?
· A. Limitation to academic scholars
· B. Exclusive focus on personal
experiences
· C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
· D. Ignoring societal variations
Answer: C. Examination of global and local
perspectives
48.
According to Topic-012, what are some examples of sociological themes and
topics?
· A. Personal beliefs and individual
experiences
· B. Analysis of global economic
trends; race, ethnicity, and discrimination
· C. Focus on trans-cultural values
and attitudes
· D. Ignoring the influence of
gender and sexuality
Answer: B. Analysis of global economic trends; race,
ethnicity, and discrimination
49.
What is the relationship between sociology and common sense, according to
Topic-009?
· A. Sociology contradicts common
sense
· B. Sociology ignores common sense
· C. Sociology challenges common
sense and offers public knowledge
· D. Sociology relies solely on
common sense
Answer: C. Sociology challenges common sense and
offers public knowledge
50.
How does sociology contribute to understanding human behavior, as mentioned in
Topic-010?
· A. Focusing solely on individual
factors
· B. Simplifying human experience
· C. Recognizing the influence of
power and inequality
· D. Applying theoretical
perspectives without practical applications
Answer: C. Recognizing the influence
of power and inequality
Short Questions:
1. What does the
sociological perspective provide a glimpse of?
·
Answer:
Social life.
2. According to
C. Wright Mills, what does the sociological imagination enable us to grasp?
·
Answer:
The connection between history and biography.
3. What is
social location, as per sociological terms?
·
Answer:
Spaces in life that people occupy due to their social position.
4. How does
sociology view the influence of society on individuals?
·
Answer: It
examines how circumstances impact people's lives.
5. According to
Henslin, what shapes our thoughts and actions?
·
Answer:
Our experiences and societal placement.
6. What is one
of sociology's exciting features mentioned in the text?
·
Answer:
Examination of global and local perspectives.
7. Define social
problems according to Mills.
·
Answer:
Issues beyond the individual, impacting many and in conflict with principles.
8. According to
Topic-007, what does sociological imagination help us understand?
·
Answer:
The relationship between biography and history.
9. What is the
distinction between personal issues and social problems?
·
Answer:
Personal issues impact individuals; social problems affect the entire society.
10. What are the
key questions in Topic-008 related to?
·
Answer:
Influences on behavior, societal norms, inequality, root causes of issues,
social order, social movements, applying sociology to social justice.
11. Why is sociology
sometimes considered another form of received wisdom, as per Topic-009?
·
Answer:
Lack of recognition of advancements and societal value.
12. What does
Topic-010 emphasize in understanding human behavior?
·
Answer:
Appreciating the diversity and complexity of human experience.
13. What are the
three conditions to prove causality, according to Topic-011?
·
Answer:
Temporal order, empirical association, exclusion of reasonable alternatives.
14. Name a
theoretical perspective mentioned in Topic-010.
·
Answer:
Functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism.
15. According to
Topic-012, what are some sociological themes and topics?
·
Answer:
Race, ethnicity, discrimination; gender, sexuality, families; education,
religion, globalization.
16. What is the
role of common sense, as per Topic-009?
·
Answer:
Common sense helps solve daily challenges but may be inaccurate in
understanding social phenomena.
17. How does
sociology challenge common sense, according to Duncan Watts?
·
Answer: It
challenges common sense in understanding social behaviors and debunks myths.
18. According to
Topic-011, what does excluding reasonable alternatives mean?
·
Answer:
Ruling out logical possibilities to prove causality.
19. How does
sociology contribute to understanding human behavior, as mentioned in
Topic-010?
·
Answer: By
recognizing the influence of power and inequality.
20. What is the
relationship between sociology and common sense, according to Topic-009?
·
Answer:
Sociology challenges common sense and provides public knowledge.
Long Questions:
1. Explain the
concept of sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills.
·
Answer:
Sociological imagination, as defined by Mills, involves understanding the
connection between history and biography. It emphasizes that our personal
experiences are shaped by broader societal forces and historical events.
2. Elaborate on
the significance of social location in understanding human behavior, as
discussed in the content.
·
Answer:
Social location, referring to the spaces individuals occupy due to their social
position, plays a crucial role in shaping behavior. Sociologists study how
factors like jobs, income, education, gender, race, and ethnicity influence
beliefs and actions.
3. Discuss the
conditions required to prove causality, according to Topic-011.
·
Answer: To
establish causality, three conditions must be met: temporal order (cause before
effect), empirical association (regular occurrence together), and exclusion of
reasonable alternatives. The fourth implied requirement is consistency with
theoretical frameworks.
4. Explore the
role of sociology in understanding global and local perspectives, as
highlighted in the text.
·
Answer:
Sociology's exciting feature is its ability to examine both global
interconnectedness and individual experiences. This dual perspective
contributes to a comprehensive understanding of contemporary reality,
acknowledging our participation in a global network and our unique experiences
in intimate spheres.
5. Analyze the
relationship between personal issues and social problems, according to
sociological imagination.
·
Answer:
Sociological imagination distinguishes personal issues impacting individuals
from social problems affecting society. It emphasizes the need to recognize the
general patterns in specific personal problems, linking individual experiences
to broader societal contexts.
6. Discuss the
key questions presented in Topic-008 and how they contribute to sociological
inquiry.
·
Answer:
The key questions focus on institutions, social structures, norms, values,
inequality, root causes, social order, social movements, and applying sociology
to social justice. These questions guide sociological inquiry by addressing
fundamental aspects of human behavior and societal functioning.
7. Examine the
role of common sense in understanding social phenomena, referencing Duncan
Watts's perspective.
·
Answer:
Duncan Watts argues that common sense is valuable in solving daily challenges
but can be inaccurate in understanding social phenomena. He highlights the
tendency to trust common sense in social matters, which sociology challenges by
providing evidence-based insights and debunking societal myths.
8. Explore the
influence of social, cultural, and psychological factors on human behavior, as
discussed in Topic-010.
·
Answer: Topic-010
emphasizes the impact of various factors, including social, cultural, and psychological
influences, on human behavior. It encourages recognizing the complexity of
human experience, analyzing interactions between individual and societal
factors, and applying theoretical perspectives to real-world situations.
Lesson no 3:
1.
What is a theory in sociology?
· A. A collection of facts
· B. A broad assertion about how
elements of the world fit together
· C. A statistical analysis
· D. A historical narrative
Answer:
B
2.
According to Henslin, what are the three main theories used by sociologists?
· A. Functionalism, Marxism,
Feminism
· B. Structuralism, Interactionism,
Postmodernism
· C. Conflict theory, Symbolic
interactionism, Functional analysis
· D. Capitalism, Socialism,
Communism
Answer:
C
3.
What is one of the differences between functionalists and symbolic
interactionists in terms of levels of analysis?
· A. Functionalists focus on
micro-level analysis
· B. Symbolic interactionists focus
on macro-level analysis
· C. Both focus on meso-level
analysis
· D. Functionalists focus on
macro-level, and symbolic interactionists on micro-level analysis
Answer:
D
4.
According to structural functionalism, how does society function?
· A. As a battleground for
conflicting groups
· B. As a cohesive whole with
interconnected parts
· C. As a result of constant power
struggles
· D. As a random collection of
individuals
Answer:
B
5.
Who coined the term "functions" in functional analysis?
· A. Karl Marx
· B. Emile Durkheim
· C. Robert Merton
· D. Max Weber
Answer:
C
6.
What is a latent function, as described by Robert Merton?
· A. Intended and recognized
outcomes of an action
· B. Hidden functions or unexpected
results
· C. Dysfunctional outcomes that
threaten stability
· D. A manifest function with
unintended consequences
Answer:
B
7.
According to conflict theory, what is the key to understanding human history?
· A. Class antagonism
· B. Religious conflicts
· C. Ethnic diversity
· D. Technological advancements
Answer:
A
8.
Who is the creator of conflict theory?
· A. Emile Durkheim
· B. Max Weber
· C. Karl Marx
· D. Herbert Spencer
Answer:
C
9.
What does symbolic interactionism emphasize?
· A. Conflict and power struggles
· B. The role of symbols in shaping
social interactions
· C. Social structures and
institutions
· D. Historical perspectives
Answer:
B
10.
Who are prominent sociologists associated with symbolic interactionism?
· A. Auguste Comte and Herbert
Spencer
· B. Karl Marx and Max Weber
· C. Charles Horton Cooley and
George Herbert Mead
· D. Robert Merton and Emile
Durkheim
Answer:
C
11.
What does feminism emphasize in sociology?
· A. The significance of language
· B. The role of symbols
· C. The importance of gender in
social relations
· D. The effects of colonialism
Answer:
C
12.
Postcolonialism focuses on:
· A. Gender inequalities
· B. The effects of colonialism on
social structures
· C. The role of symbols in shaping
interactions
· D. Conflict between different
social groups
Answer:
B
13.
What does postmodernism emphasize in understanding social structures?
· A. Historical perspectives
· B. Power struggles
· C. The role of language and
discourse
· D. Symbolic interactions
Answer:
C
14.
How does Henslin suggest combining the different theoretical viewpoints?
· A. By choosing the most accurate
theory
· B. By considering only one
theoretical perspective
· C. By merging the contributions of
all three perspectives
· D. By rejecting conflicting
theories
Answer:
C
15.
What is a fundamental difference between conflict theory and symbolic
interactionism?
· A. Their emphasis on language
· B. Their focus on micro and macro
levels
· C. Their views on colonialism
· D. Their analysis of gender
inequalities
Answer:
B
16.
What does structural functionalism consider a "normal" condition of
society?
· A. High levels of conflict
· B. Constant power struggles
· C. All components carrying out
their duties
· D. Economic disparities
Answer:
C
17.
What is a manifest function, according to Robert Merton?
· A. Hidden functions
· B. Intended and recognized outcomes
of an action
· C. Dysfunctional outcomes
· D. Latent functions
Answer:
B
18.
What is a latent dysfunction, as described by Robert Merton?
· A. Negative effects of people's
behavior
· B. Intended and recognized
outcomes
· C. Unplanned outcomes that aid in
system adjustment
· D. Dysfunctional outcomes that are
intended
Answer:
C
19.
According to conflict theory, what is the source of conflict in industrialized
nations?
· A. Religious differences
· B. Class antagonism
· C. Ethnic diversity
· D. Political disagreements
Answer:
B
20.
Who emphasized the concept of "class antagonism" in conflict theory?
· A. Max Weber
· B. Emile Durkheim
· C. Karl Marx
· D. Herbert Spencer
Answer:
C
21.
What does symbolic interactionism depend on for understanding interactions?
· A. Language
· B. Power dynamics
· C. Social structures
· D. Symbols
Answer:
D
22.
How does symbolic interactionism view human relationships?
· A. As random associations
· B. As power struggles
· C. As defined by symbols
· D. As constant conflicts
Answer:
C
23.
In postcolonialism, what does the term "post" signify?
· A. Pre-colonial era
· B. After colonialism
· C. Power struggles
· D. Symbolic interactions
Answer:
B
24.
What does feminism mainly focus on in sociological analysis?
· A. The effects of language on
social structures
· B. Gender and its role in social
relations
· C. Power dynamics in societies
· D. Symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
25.
What is a key emphasis of postmodernism in understanding social structures?
· A. Power struggles
· B. Historical perspectives
· C. The role of language and
discourse
· D. Class antagonism
Answer:
C
26.
How does postmodernism view the role of language in shaping social structures?
· A. As insignificant
· B. As the primary determinant
· C. As one of many factors
· D. As irrelevant
Answer:
B
27.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is essential for human coordination?
· A. Conflict
· B. Symbols
· C. Power struggles
· D. Social structures
Answer:
B
28.
What does structural functionalism consider as components of society?
· A. Isolated entities
· B. Interconnected and
interdependent pieces
· C. Constantly conflicting groups
· D. Symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
29.
How does postcolonialism focus on the effects of colonialism?
· A. By emphasizing historical
narratives
· B. By analyzing class antagonism
· C. By examining language and
discourse
· D. By considering social
structures
Answer:
A
30.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is necessary for human
relationships?
· A. Political power
· B. Economic stability
· C. Symbols to attribute meaning
· D. Cultural values
Answer:
C
31.
What does functionalism consider the consequence of components failing to carry
out their duties?
· A. Manifest dysfunction
· B. Latent dysfunction
· C. Abnormal state
· D. Power struggle
Answer:
C
32.
What is the primary focus of feminism in sociological analysis?
· A. The role of language
· B. Gender and its significance in
social connections
· C. Power dynamics
· D. Symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
33.
How does postmodernism view the role of symbols in shaping social structures?
· A. As irrelevant
· B. As the sole determinant
· C. As one of many factors
· D. As insignificant
Answer:
C
34.
According to conflict theory, what controls the means of production in
industrialized nations?
· A. The proletariat
· B. The bourgeoisie
· C. Symbolic interactions
· D. Social structures
Answer:
B
35.
What is the role of symbols in symbolic interactionism?
· A. To create power struggles
· B. To shape social structures
· C. To attribute meaning and
facilitate interactions
· D. To cause latent dysfunctions
Answer:
C
36.
According to symbolic interactionism, what would be missing without symbols in
human relationships?
· A. Conflict
· B. Economic stability
· C. Power dynamics
· D. Signals to define relationships
Answer:
D
37.
What does functionalism consider as a benefit to society?
· A. Manifest dysfunction
· B. Latent dysfunction
· C. Positive outcomes of people's
actions
· D. Negative effects of behavior
Answer:
C
38.
According to conflict theory, what results from conflicting interests in
society?
· A. Manifest functions
· B. Power struggles
· C. Symbolic interactions
· D. Functional analysis
Answer:
B
39.
What does postcolonialism emphasize in understanding social structures?
· A. The role of language
· B. Historical narratives
· C. Power dynamics
· D. Symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
40.
How does postmodernism view language in forming social structures?
· A. As insignificant
· B. As the primary determinant
· C. As one of many factors
· D. As irrelevant
Answer:
B
41.
According to structural functionalism, what creates an "abnormal"
state in society?
· A. Constant power struggles
· B. Symbols without meaning
· C. Components failing to carry out
their duties
· D. Historical perspectives
Answer:
C
42.
What does feminism focus on in relation to gender?
· A. Power dynamics
· B. Class antagonism
· C. Social structures
· D. The effects of language
Answer:
A
43.
How does postcolonialism examine the effects of colonialism on social
structures?
· A. By analyzing power dynamics
· B. By emphasizing historical
narratives
· C. By studying symbols and their
meanings
· D. By considering latent
dysfunctions
Answer:
B
44.
What is the main emphasis of postmodernism in sociological analysis?
· A. The role of language
· B. Power dynamics
· C. The significance of symbols
· D. The role of symbols and their
meanings
Answer:
A
45.
According to conflict theory, what controls the means of production?
· A. The proletariat
· B. The bourgeoisie
· C. Symbolic interactions
· D. Social structures
Answer:
B
46.
In symbolic interactionism, what do relationships rely on?
· A. Power dynamics
· B. Constant conflict
· C. Symbols to attribute meaning
· D. Economic stability
Answer:
C
47.
How does structural functionalism view society as a whole?
· A. As isolated entities
· B. As interconnected and
interdependent pieces
· C. As constantly conflicting
groups
· D. As symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
48.
What is the primary focus of feminism in sociological analysis?
· A. The role of language
· B. Gender and its significance in
social connections
· C. Power dynamics
· D. Symbols and their meanings
Answer:
B
49.
How does postmodernism view language in forming social structures?
· A. As insignificant
· B. As the primary determinant
· C. As one of many factors
· D. As irrelevant
Answer:
B
50.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is necessary for human
relationships?
· A. Political power
· B. Economic stability
· C. Symbols to attribute meaning
· D. Cultural values
Answer: C
Short
Answer Questions:
1. Define
sociology.
Answer: Sociology is the scientific study of
society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and
culture.
2. Name the
three main theoretical perspectives in sociology.
Answer: The three main theoretical perspectives in
sociology are structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic
interactionism.
3. What is the
focus of structural functionalism?
Answer: Structural functionalism focuses on how
society functions as a cohesive whole with interconnected parts, emphasizing
stability and equilibrium.
4. Who coined
the term "functions" in functional analysis?
Answer: Robert Merton coined the term
"functions" in functional analysis.
5. According to
conflict theory, what is the key to understanding human history?
Answer: Class antagonism is the key to understanding
human history according to conflict theory.
6. What is the
fundamental tenet of symbolic interactionism?
Answer: The fundamental tenet of symbolic
interactionism is that understanding how we see the world and interact with
others depends on symbols.
7. Name two
prominent sociologists associated with symbolic interactionism.
Answer: Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert
Mead are two prominent sociologists associated with symbolic interactionism.
8. What does
feminism emphasize in sociology?
Answer: Feminism emphasizes the significance of
gender in determining social connections and systems.
9. What does
postcolonialism focus on in sociology?
Answer: Postcolonialism focuses on the effects of
colonialism and its lasting impact on social structures and relationships.
10. Define
postmodernism.
Answer: Postmodernism is a theoretical school of
thought that places a strong emphasis on the role of language and discourse in
forming social structures and relationships.
11. What is a
latent function in functional analysis?
Answer: A latent function is a hidden or unexpected
result of people's behavior that aids in system adjustment.
12. Who is
considered the creator of conflict theory?
Answer: Karl Marx is considered the creator of
conflict theory.
13. According to
symbolic interactionism, what is essential for human coordination?
Answer: Symbols are essential for human coordination
according to symbolic interactionism.
14. How does
postcolonialism examine the effects of colonialism?
Answer: Postcolonialism examines the effects of
colonialism by emphasizing historical narratives and analyzing social
structures.
15. What does postmodernism
emphasize in understanding social structures?
Answer: Postmodernism emphasizes the role of
language and discourse in shaping social structures.
16. Define
manifest function in functional analysis.
Answer: A manifest function is an intended and
recognized outcome of an action in functional analysis.
17. How does
structural functionalism view society as a whole?
Answer: Structural functionalism views society as a
cohesive whole with interconnected and interdependent parts.
18. What is a
key emphasis of postmodernism in sociological analysis?
Answer: A key emphasis of postmodernism is the role
that language and discourse play in forming social structures and
relationships.
19. According to
conflict theory, what controls the means of production in industrialized
nations?
Answer: In industrialized nations, the means of
production are controlled by the bourgeoisie according to conflict theory.
20. What is the
role of symbols in symbolic interactionism?
Answer: Symbols in symbolic interactionism are used
to attribute meaning and facilitate interactions.
21. How does
symbolic interactionism view human relationships?
Answer: Symbolic interactionism views human
relationships as defined by symbols.
22. Define class
antagonism in conflict theory.
Answer: Class antagonism, in conflict theory, refers
to the conflict between different social classes, particularly the proletariat
and the bourgeoisie.
23. According to
functionalism, what is a "normal" condition of society?
Answer: A "normal" condition of society,
according to functionalism, is when every component carries out its duties.
24. What is the
significance of symbols in human relationships, according to symbolic
interactionism?
Answer: Symbols are significant in human
relationships as they define roles, responsibilities, and relationships.
25. Name one
contemporary theoretical approach discussed in the topic.
Answer: One contemporary theoretical approach
discussed in the topic is feminism.
Long
Answer Questions:
1. Explain the
fundamental tenet of structural functionalism and provide an example.
Answer: Structural functionalism asserts that
society functions as a cohesive whole with interconnected parts. For example,
in a family, the father, mother, and children each play a role, contributing to
the stability and functioning of the family unit. The father may work to
provide financial support, the mother may take care of household
responsibilities, and the children may contribute to the family's well-being by
following rules and attending school.
2. Compare and
contrast the levels of analysis used by structural functionalism, conflict
theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Answer: Structural functionalism and conflict theory
often focus on macro-level analysis, examining societal trends on a larger
scale. In contrast, symbolic interactionism frequently concentrates on the
micro-level, emphasizing social interactions at the individual level. For
instance, when studying homelessness, symbolic interactionists may focus on the
daily experiences of homeless individuals, while functionalists and conflict
theorists may analyze larger societal changes contributing to homelessness,
such as economic shifts or class conflicts.
3. Discuss the
concept of latent functions in functional analysis with examples.
Answer: Latent functions are hidden or unexpected
results of people's behavior that aid in system adjustment. For instance,
consider a government incentive program offering bonuses for each child born.
The manifest function is to encourage more pregnancies within households.
However, a latent function could be an increase in sales for businesses related
to baby products, such as diapers and baby furnishings, due to the rising birth
rates.
4. Explore the
historical context in which Karl Marx developed conflict theory.
Answer: Karl Marx developed conflict theory during
the Industrial Revolution. Witnessing the exploitation and poor conditions of
workers who moved to cities for employment, Marx concluded that class
antagonism was crucial to understanding human history. He argued that a small
group, the bourgeoisie (capitalists), controlled the means of production and
exploited the proletariat (workers). This analysis arose during a time when
workers lacked many rights and benefits, highlighting the stark disparities and
injustices of early industrial capitalism.
5. Elaborate on
the role of symbols in shaping human relationships according to symbolic
interactionism.
Answer: Symbolic interactionism posits that symbols
are essential for understanding how we see the world and interact with others.
In human relationships, symbols, such as names, roles, and gestures, define the
meanings and expectations associated with those relationships. For example, the
symbols of "husband" and "wife" carry specific meanings,
and individuals attribute roles and responsibilities to these symbols,
influencing their interactions and behaviors within the context of marriage.
6. Discuss the
contributions of feminism, postcolonialism, and postmodernism as contemporary
theoretical approaches in sociology.
Answer: Feminism emphasizes the role of gender in
determining social connections, addressing historical and contemporary
disparities between men and women. Postcolonialism focuses on the effects of
colonialism on social structures and relationships, emphasizing historical
narratives. Postmodernism highlights the role of language and discourse in
forming social structures, challenging traditional notions of reality and
truth.
7. Analyze the
impact of conflict theory beyond the relationship between capitalists and
workers.
Answer: Conflict theory extends beyond the
capitalist-worker relationship to examine conflicting interests in various
societal levels, including individual, organizational, and community levels.
For example, conflicts may arise when authorities, such as police or teachers,
attempt to impose conformity, or when individuals resist established norms to
assert their independence.
8. Explain the
concept of class antagonism in conflict theory and its relevance to
industrialized nations.
Answer: Class antagonism in conflict theory refers
to the conflict between social classes, particularly the proletariat (working
class) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist class). In industrialized nations, this
conflict arises from the control of the means of production by the bourgeoisie,
leading to the exploitation of the proletariat. Marx argued that if the
proletariat revolted, the bourgeoisie would use their control over legal and
political systems to suppress the uprising and maintain their power.
9. Discuss the
contributions of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead to the
development of symbolic interactionism.
Answer: Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert
Mead are key figures in the development of symbolic interactionism. Cooley
introduced the concept of the "looking glass self," emphasizing how
individuals shape their self-concept based on how they believe others perceive
them. Mead further developed the theory, introducing the idea of
"significant others" and "generalized others" to explain
how individuals learn to interpret symbols and understand social expectations
through social interactions.
10. Explore the
role of language and discourse in postmodernism's view of social structures.
Answer: Postmodernism places a strong emphasis on
language and discourse in shaping social structures. It challenges traditional
notions of reality and truth, suggesting that language constructs our
understanding of the world. In postmodernist analysis, social structures are
formed and maintained through language, with an awareness that language itself
is subjective and influenced by power dynamics. This perspective encourages a
critical examination of how language shapes cultural norms, values, and social
interactions.
Lesson no 4:
1.
What is the foundation of science?
· A. Subjective opinions
· B. Verifiable evidence
· C. Intuitive beliefs
· D. Personal experiences
Answer:
B. Verifiable evidence
2.
How does scientific observation differ from regular observation?
· A. It relies on assumptions
· B. It is inaccurate
· C. It is not systematic
· D. It is accurate and systematic
Answer:
D. It is accurate and systematic
3.
What is the second objective of science?
· A. Explanation
· B. Generalization
· C. Prediction
· D. Systematic study
Answer:
B. Generalization
4.
What is the third scientific goal?
· A. Systematic study
· B. Prediction
· C. Generalization
· D. Explanation
Answer:
B. Prediction
5.
According to the second definition, what makes sociology a science?
· A. Utilization of magic
· B. Secretiveness
· C. Scientific investigation
· D. Reliance on folklore
Answer:
C. Scientific investigation
6.
What is the inductive process in theory building?
· A. Moving from specific data to
universal theories
· B. Testing specific hypotheses
· C. Moving from general theory to
specific hypotheses
· D. Creating broad theories
Answer:
A. Moving from specific data to universal theories
7.
What characterizes deductive logical thought in theory building?
· A. Moving from specific data to
universal theories
· B. Moving from general theory to
specific hypotheses
· C. Testing specific hypotheses
· D. Creating broad theories
Answer:
B. Moving from general theory to specific hypotheses
8.
What are concepts in the theory-building process?
· A. Observations
· B. Variables
· C. Building blocks of theory
· D. Scientific laws
Answer:
C. Building blocks of theory
9.
What is an example of a concept?
· A. Sociological theory
· B. Greek letters
· C. Symbolic forms
· D. Height
Answer:
D. Height
10.
What does causation refer to?
· A. Two variables connected without
a cause
· B. Two variables connected with a
cause
· C. Change in one variable causing
a change in the other
· D. Two unrelated variables
Answer:
C. Change in one variable causing a change in the other
11.
What must be met to prove causality?
· A. The two variables must be
unrelated
· B. The cause must occur after the
effect
· C. The relationship must not hold
after controlling for other variables
· D. The two variables must be
related, the cause must occur before the effect, and the relationship must hold
after controlling for other variables
Answer:
D. The two variables must be related, the cause must occur before the effect,
and the relationship must hold after controlling for other variables
12.
What is a fictitious relationship between variables called?
· A. Correlation
· B. Causation
· C. Bogus
· D. Replication
Answer:
C. Bogus
13.
Is sociology considered a science?
· A. Yes, always
· B. No, never
· C. Yes, if it follows sound
scientific principles
· D. No, due to complexity
Answer:
C. Yes, if it follows sound scientific principles
14.
How does sociology seek to understand the social world?
· A. Through subjective opinions
· B. Through empirical observation,
data analysis, and theory development
· C. Through intuition
· D. Through folklore
Answer:
B. Through empirical observation, data analysis, and theory development
15.
What is used to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of sociological results?
· A. Subjective opinions
· B. Magic
· C. Peer review and replication
· D. Folklore
Answer: C. Peer review and replication
16.
How does sociology investigate the connection between religion and mental
health?
· A. Through folklore
· B. Through intuition
· C. Using empirical observation,
data analysis, and theory development
· D. Through magic
Answer:
C. Using empirical observation, data analysis, and theory development
17.
What does precision refer to in scientific observation?
· A. Degree of measurement
· B. Making assumptions
· C. Subjective opinions
· D. Intuitive beliefs
Answer:
A. Degree of measurement
18.
What is the primary foundation of science, according to the definition
provided?
· A. Empirical observation
· B. Mythology
· C. Superstition
· D. Verifiable knowledge
Answer:
A. Empirical observation
19.
How do researchers often use logical thought in their studies?
· A. Through intuition only
· B. Using either inductive or
deductive processes
· C. Avoiding logical thought
· D. Relying solely on magic
Answer:
B. Using either inductive or deductive processes
20.
What is the role of symbols in human relationships, according to symbolic
interactionism?
· A. They have no role
· B. They are unnecessary
· C. They define and shape
relationships
· D. They complicate relationships
Answer:
C. They define and shape relationships
21.
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the significance of colonialism and
its effects?
· A. Functionalism
· B. Conflict theory
· C. Symbolic interactionism
· D. Postcolonialism
Answer:
D. Postcolonialism
22.
What do feminists primarily study using the conflict perspective?
· A. Conflict between social classes
· B. Conflict between males and
females
· C. Conflict in small groups
· D. Conflict in urban areas
Answer:
B. Conflict between males and females
23.
According to structural functionalism, when is society in a "normal"
state?
· A. When there is conflict
· B. When there is unemployment
· C. When all components perform
their duties
· D. When there is a power struggle
Answer:
C. When all components perform their duties
24.
What is the primary difference in the depth of analysis between symbolic
interactionists and conflict theorists?
· A. Symbolic interactionists focus
on macro-level analysis
· B. Symbolic interactionists focus
on micro-level analysis
· C. Conflict theorists focus on
micro-level analysis
· D. Conflict theorists focus on
macro-level analysis
Answer:
B. Symbolic interactionists focus on micro-level analysis
25.
What is the term used for the unintended outcomes that aid in system
adjustment, according to Robert Merton?
· A. Manifest functions
· B. Latent functions
· C. Dysfunctions
· D. Unintended outcomes
Answer:
B. Latent functions
1.
What is the primary focus of structural functionalism in sociology?
· A. Social conflict
· B. Symbolic interaction
· C. Social order and stability
· D. Micro-level interactions
· Answer: C
2.
Which level of analysis examines small-scale interactions and individual
behaviors?
· A. Micro-level
· B. Meso-level
· C. Macro-level
· D. Mega-level
· Answer: A
3.
Who is considered the founder of conflict theory in sociology?
· A. Emile Durkheim
· B. August Comte
· C. Karl Marx
· D. Max Weber
· Answer: C
4.
According to functionalism, what is the term for the unintended and often
unnoticed outcomes of social institutions or actions?
· A. Manifest functions
· B. Latent functions
· C. Symbolic functions
· D. Structural functions
· Answer: B
5.
What is the primary goal of the deductive process in the theory-building
process?
· A. Moving from specific
observations to general theories
· B. Formulating specific hypotheses
from a general theory
· C. Generating new ideas through
observation
· D. Exploring patterns in social
phenomena
· Answer: B
6.
What do sociologists seek to accomplish through generalization in scientific
research?
· A. Explaining specific instances
· B. Testing existing theories
· C. Applying findings to a larger
population or context
· D. Making informed predictions
· Answer: C
7.
What is the primary characteristic of scientific observation in sociology?
· A. Subjectivity
· B. Ambiguity
· C. Objectivity
· D. Intuition
· Answer: C
8.
In sociology, what is the inductive process primarily used for?
· A. Testing hypotheses
· B. Confirming theories
· C. Generating new ideas and
theories
· D. Explaining specific instances
· Answer: C
9.
Who developed the theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism?
· A. Karl Marx
· B. Emile Durkheim
· C. Max Weber
· D. Charles Horton Cooley and
George Herbert Mead
· Answer: D
10.
What is the main emphasis of symbolic interactionism in sociology?
· A. Social order and stability
· B. Social conflict
· C. Micro-level interactions and
symbols
· D. Social institutions
· Answer: C
11.
Which theoretical perspective views society as a living organism with
interconnected parts?
· A. Conflict theory
· B. Symbolic interactionism
· C. Structural functionalism
· D. Postmodernism
· Answer: C
12.
What is the term for the invisible and underlying purposes of social
institutions or actions according to functionalism?
· A. Obvious functions
· B. Manifest functions
· C. Latent functions
· D. Structural functions
· Answer: C
13.
Which level of analysis examines large-scale social structures and
institutions?
· A. Micro-level
· B. Meso-level
· C. Macro-level
· D. Mega-level
· Answer: C
14.
What is the deductive process primarily used for in sociological research?
· A. Generating new ideas
· B. Confirming theories
· C. Exploring patterns
· D. Moving from specific
observations to general theories
· Answer: B
15.
Which goal of science involves predicting future occurrences based on current
knowledge?
· A. Explanation
· B. Generalization
· C. Prediction
· D. Observation
· Answer: C
16.
Who argued that class antagonism is the key to understanding human history in
conflict theory?
· A. Max Weber
· B. Emile Durkheim
· C. Karl Marx
· D. August Comte
· Answer: C
17.
What is the primary emphasis of conflict theory in sociology?
· A. Social order and stability
· B. Social inequality and power
struggles
· C. Micro-level interactions
· D. Symbolic communication
· Answer: B
18.
According to functionalism, what is the term for the intended and visible
outcomes of social institutions or actions?
· A. Latent functions
· B. Structural functions
· C. Manifest functions
· D. Symbolic functions
· Answer: C
19.
What is the primary focus of symbolic interactionism in sociology?
· A. Social conflict
· B. Social order and stability
· C. Micro-level interactions and
symbols
· D. Macro-level structures
· Answer: C
20.
What is the term for the invisible and underlying purposes of social
institutions or actions according to functionalism?
· A. Obvious functions
· B. Manifest functions
· C. Latent functions
· D. Structural functions
· Answer: C
21.
In sociological research, why is empirical observation crucial?
· A. It introduces subjectivity
· B. It confirms existing theories
· C. It involves ambiguity
· D. It ensures factual and
verifiable data collection
· Answer: D
22.
Which type of reasoning involves moving from specific observations to general
theories?
· A. Inductive reasoning
· B. Deductive reasoning
· C. Symbolic reasoning
· D. Conflict reasoning
· Answer: A
23.
Who is associated with the inductive process in the theory-building process?
· A. August Comte
· B. Karl Marx
· C. Emile Durkheim
· D. Charles Horton Cooley
· Answer: D
24.
What is the primary emphasis of postmodernism in sociology?
· A. Social order and stability
· B. Social conflict
· C. Language and discourse in
forming social structures
· D. Historical analysis
· Answer: C
25.
Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the significance of colonialism and
its lasting effects on social structures and relationships?
· A. Feminism
· B. Postmodernism
· C. Postcolonialism
· D. Structural functionalism
· Answer: C
Lesson no 5:
1.
What is the first step in the scientific research process according to the
research model presented?
· A. Reviewing the literature
· B. Selecting a topic
· C. Formulating a hypothesis
· D. Choosing a research method
· Answer: B
2.
What is the purpose of reviewing the literature in the research process?
· A. To confirm existing knowledge
· B. To waste time on discovered
information
· C. To narrow down the research
problem
· D. To avoid formulating a
hypothesis
· Answer: C
3.
What does the hypothesis in scientific research represent?
· A. A random guess
· B. An operational definition
· C. A statement predicting research
findings
· D. A review of existing knowledge
· Answer: C
4.
In the research process, what is the function of operational definitions?
· A. To confuse researchers
· B. To measure variables accurately
· C. To avoid hypotheses
· D. To review the literature
· Answer: B
5.
Which research design focuses on a single occasion, circumstance, or person?
· A. Survey
· B. Case Study
· C. Observation
· D. Experiment
· Answer: B
6.
What is the primary goal of a case study in sociology?
· A. Generalizing findings to the
whole population
· B. Concentrating on a specific
circumstance
· C. Using statistical methods for
analysis
· D. Avoiding biased results
· Answer: B
7.
What is essential in selecting a sample for a survey to ensure representation?
· A. Biased results
· B. Random sampling
· C. Convenient sampling
· D. Selecting a single group
· Answer: B
8.
What is a crucial step in experimental research according to the description?
· A. Formulating a hypothesis
· B. Selecting a sample
· C. Changing a specific
circumstance
· D. Reviewing the literature
· Answer: C
9.
What is the foundation of experimental research?
· A. Positivist strategy
· B. Naturalistic observation
· C. Case study
· D. Secondary analysis
· Answer: A
10.
What is a potential limitation of experiments in sociological research?
· A. Lack of causal evidence
· B. Unnatural settings
· C. Biased findings
· D. Absence of operational
definitions
· Answer: B
11.
Which research design involves collecting data from existing sources?
· A. Case study
· B. Experiment
· C. Observation
· D. Secondary data
· Answer: D
12.
What is the term for researchers observing subjects without their awareness?
· A. Covert action
· B. Overt action
· C. Controlled action
· D. Unobtrusive action
· Answer: A
13.
What is a potential drawback of secondary analysis mentioned in the text?
· A. Lack of ethical standards
· B. Lack of resources
· C. Bias in data collection
· D. Unavailability of existing data
· Answer: C
14.
What is the broad category encompassing materials like books, newspapers, and
diaries in sociological research?
· A. Documents
· B. Archives
· C. Surveys
· D. Observations
· Answer: A
15.
According to research ethics, what is explicitly forbidden in scientific
research?
· A. Secondary analysis
· B. Plagiarism
· C. Unbiased findings
· D. Controlled experiments
· Answer: B
16.
What is the purpose of upholding data contributors' confidentiality in
sociological research ethics?
· A. To invade privacy
· B. To protect researchers
· C. To ensure biased findings
· D. To respect participants'
privacy
· Answer: D
17.
What is the primary emphasis of selecting a suitable research methodology and
following ethical standards?
· A. Bias in research
· B. Transparency and truth in
research
· C. Falsifying results
· D. Avoiding research questions
· Answer: B
18.
In the context of surveys, what is the most effective approach for obtaining a
representative sample?
· A. Convenient sampling
· B. Stratified sampling
· C. Snowball sampling
· D. Random sampling
· Answer: D
19.
What is the potential drawback of relying on questionnaires and interviews for
data collection?
· A. Objective results
· B. Biased findings
· C. Lack of operational definitions
· D. Reviewing the literature
· Answer: B
20.
In experimental research, what are the three crucial steps mentioned in the
text?
· A. Selecting a topic, formulating
a hypothesis, comparing results
· B. Starting with a causative
hypothesis, changing a specific circumstance, comparing results
· C. Choosing a research method,
collecting data, analyzing results
· D. Reviewing the literature,
defining the problem, conducting observations
· Answer: B
21.
What is the primary goal of observational research?
· A. Changing variables
· B. Testing hypotheses
· C. Identifying social behavior and
interactions
· D. Choosing a research method
· Answer: C
22.
What is the purpose of secondary analysis in sociological research?
· A. Collecting new data
· B. Reviewing existing knowledge
· C. Avoiding research questions
· D. Analyzing data from previous
studies
· Answer: D
23.
What is an advantage of using secondary data in research?
· A. Lack of reliability
· B. Time-consuming data collection
· C. Access to existing information
· D. Avoiding statistical methods
· Answer: C
24.
In the context of experiments, what is meant by an "artificial"
environment?
· A. A setting with biased results
· B. A deliberate simplification of
the social universe
· C. A lack of operational
definitions
· D. Lack of statistical methods
· Answer: B
25.
How can sociologists obtain a random sample for survey research?
· A. Approaching every person they
encounter
· B. Using convenient sampling
· C. Assigning random numbers to the
population
· D. Focusing on a single group
· Answer: C
26.
What is the term for researchers taking covert actions to observe subjects'
conduct when they are unaware they are being observed?
· A. Overt observation
· B. Controlled observation
· C. Unobtrusive measures
· D. Participant observation
· Answer: C
27.
When conducting secondary analysis, what challenge might researchers face
regarding data collection in the initial study?
· A. Lack of resources
· B. Lack of relevant data
· C. Bias in data collection
· D. Lack of operational definitions
· Answer: C
28.
What kind of information might researchers obtain by studying court documents
and police reports in sociological research?
· A. Statistical methods
· B. Demographic trends
· C. Operational definitions
· D. Overt observations
· Answer: B
29.
According to the description, what is a potential limitation of observational
research?
· A. Lack of operational definitions
· B. Lack of statistical methods
· C. Bias in data collection
· D. Lack of control over variables
· Answer: D
30.
What is the primary focus of a case study in sociological research?
· A. Generalizing findings to the
whole population
· B. Changing specific circumstances
· C. Concentrating on a specific
circumstance, occasion, or person
· D. Identifying social behavior and
interactions
· Answer: C
31.
What is the primary advantage of using unobtrusive measures in sociological
research?
· A. Bias in data collection
· B. Lack of operational definitions
· C. Participants' awareness of
observation
· D. Avoiding interference with subjects'
behavior
· Answer: D
32.
In the context of observational research, what does the term "field
notes" refer to?
· A. Observations recorded in a
laboratory setting
· B. Observations made by
participants
· C. Written records of observations
made in a natural setting
· D. Statistical analysis of
observational data
· Answer: C
33.
What is the term for a deliberate simplification of the complicated social
universe in experimental research?
· A. Natural setting
· B. Artificial environment
· C. Overt observation
· D. Covert action
· Answer: B
34.
What ethical rule emphasizes that research subjects should not be injured by
the study?
· A. Transparency in research
· B. Avoiding research questions
· C. Protection of participants from
harm
· D. Secondary analysis
· Answer: C
35.
In sociological research, what is considered unethical in terms of data
contributors?
· A. Protecting participants'
confidentiality
· B. Using operational definitions
· C. Misrepresenting researchers
· D. Falsifying results
· Answer: C
36.
What is the purpose of analyzing results in the research process?
· A. Changing variables
· B. Choosing a research method
· C. Making inferences and
generalizations
· D. Overt observations
· Answer: C
37.
When conducting a survey, why is choosing a representative sample crucial?
· A. To waste time on irrelevant
data
· B. To avoid operational
definitions
· C. To generalize findings to the
whole population
· D. To focus on a narrow population
· Answer: C
38.
What is the main advantage of using a random sample in survey research?
· A. Biased results
· B. Convenience
· C. Representation of the entire
population
· D. Lack of participant awareness
· Answer: C
39.
In sociological research, what does "replication of findings" refer to?
· A. Rewriting research reports
· B. Conducting the same research
multiple times
· C. Generalizing findings to the
whole population
· D. Reviewing the literature
· Answer: B
40.
In experimental research, what is the term for the deliberate manipulation of
the study environment?
· A. Controlled environment
· B. Random sampling
· C. Artificial means
· D. Overt observation
· Answer: C
41.
What does the term "covert action" mean in observational research?
· A. Observing subjects without
their awareness
· B. Observing subjects with their
awareness
· C. Overt observation
· D. Controlled observation
· Answer: A
42.
What is the term for examining information that has already been gathered by
others in sociological research?
· A. Primary analysis
· B. Tertiary analysis
· C. Secondary analysis
· D. Replication analysis
· Answer: C
43.
What type of data collection involves using a series of questions to gather
information from respondents?
· A. Interviews
· B. Observations
· C. Surveys
· D. Experiments
· Answer: C
44.
What is a potential drawback of relying on questionnaires for data collection
in surveys?
· A. Lack of representation
· B. Convenience
· C. Bias in findings
· D. Lack of operational definitions
· Answer: C
45.
What is the primary goal of disseminating research results to the scientific
community?
· A. To avoid sharing findings
· B. To protect participants'
confidentiality
· C. To make inferences and
generalizations
· D. To communicate findings for
replication
· Answer: D
46.
What is the term for using statistical or qualitative methods to examine
collected data?
· A. Formulating a hypothesis
· B. Collecting the data
· C. Analyzing the results
· D. Changing variables
· Answer: C
47.
In sociological research, what does "unobtrusive measures" refer to?
· A. Observing subjects with their
awareness
· B. Observing subjects without
their awareness
· C. Manipulating variables
· D. Using statistical methods
· Answer: B
48.
What is the term for examining materials like books, newspapers, diaries, and
records in sociological research?
· A. Interviews
· B. Observations
· C. Documents
· D. Experiments
· Answer: C
49.
According to research ethics, what is expressly forbidden in scientific
research?
· A. Unbiased findings
· B. Plagiarism
· C. Replication of findings
· D. Secondary analysis
· Answer: B
50.
What is the primary focus of the research process after selecting a topic and
defining the problem?
· A. Choosing a research method
· B. Reviewing the literature
· C. Formulating a hypothesis
· D. Conducting experiments
· Answer: A
Short
Questions:
1. What is the
foundation of scientific research according to the text?
· Answer: Verifiable evidence.
2. What does
scientific observation prioritize to ensure accuracy?
· Answer: Scientific observation avoids making assumptions and
checks for accuracy.
3. What are the three
goals of science mentioned in the text?
· Answer: Explain why something occurs, generalize findings, and
predict or define future occurrences.
4. How does sociology
define a science according to the second definition provided?
· Answer: A science is a method of study whereby organized,
verified knowledge is discovered.
5. What is the
inductive process in theory building?
· Answer: It involves converting particular data into universal theories,
moving from the particular to the universal.
6. Explain the
deductive process in theory building.
· Answer: It turns general theories into specific hypotheses that
can be tested, moving from the broad to the specific.
7. What are concepts in
the theory-building process?
· Answer: Concepts are ideas that can be expressed verbally or
symbolically and serve as building blocks of theory.
8. What are the two
parts of a concept mentioned in the text?
· Answer: A definition and a sign (a word, phrase, or written
character).
9. What is precision
in scientific observation?
· Answer: Precision refers to the degree of measurement.
10. How does sociology distinguish between causation and
correlation?
· Answer: Causation involves a cause-and-effect relationship,
while correlation is a statistical association between two variables.
11. What are the three conditions that must be met to prove
causality?
· Answer: The variables must be related, the cause must precede
the effect, and the relationship must hold after controlling for other
variables.
12. According to the text, is sociology considered a science?
· Answer: Yes, sociology is considered a science as it
investigates social phenomena using scientific approaches.
13. What are the key components of scientific investigation
in sociology?
· Answer: Empirical observation, data analysis, and theory
development.
14. What is the role of peer review and replication in
sociological research?
· Answer: They are used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of
research results.
15. Define the process of secondary data research.
· Answer: It involves collecting data from existing sources, such
as government reports, archives, or surveys.
16. What is a potential drawback of secondary analysis
mentioned in the text?
· Answer: It may be challenging to ensure bias-free, methodical
data collection in the original study.
17. What ethical standards are emphasized in sociological
research?
· Answer: Honesty, truth, transparency, avoiding falsification of
results, opposing plagiarism, ensuring subjects are not harmed, maintaining confidentiality,
and avoiding misrepresentation.
18. What is the primary focus of unobtrusive measures in
sociological research?
· Answer: Researchers take covert actions to observe subjects'
conduct without their awareness.
19. What is the term for a deliberate simplification of the
complicated social universe in experiments?
· Answer: Artificial.
20. How do sociologists use documents in their research?
· Answer: Sociologists study various materials, including books,
newspapers, diaries, and records, to explore social life.
Long
Questions:
1. Explain the role of
precision in scientific observation and why it is crucial for accurate
research.
· Answer: Precision in scientific observation refers to the degree
of measurement. It is crucial for accurate research because it ensures that
observations are made with a high level of accuracy and consistency. By
avoiding assumptions and focusing on precise measurements, scientific
observation minimizes errors and enhances the reliability of the data
collected. Inaccuracies or lack of precision can lead to flawed conclusions,
hindering the scientific understanding of social phenomena.
2. Compare and
contrast the inductive and deductive processes in theory building. Provide
examples to illustrate each process.
· Answer: The inductive process involves converting particular
data into universal theories, moving from specific observations to general
principles. In contrast, the deductive process turns general theories into
specific hypotheses that can be tested, moving from broad principles to
specific predictions.
Example of Inductive Process: A sociologist observes specific instances of community
engagement in a neighborhood and, based on these observations, develops a
universal theory about the positive impact of community involvement on overall
well-being.
Example of Deductive Process: Starting with a theory that predicts a relationship
between socioeconomic status and educational attainment, a researcher
formulates a hypothesis and collects data to test whether the predicted
relationship holds true in a specific population.
3. Discuss the goals
of science in the context of sociology. Provide examples to illustrate each
goal.
· Answer: The goals of science in sociology include explaining why
something occurs, generalizing findings, and predicting or defining future
occurrences.
· Explanation: A sociologist
may conduct research to explain why certain communities experience higher crime
rates than others. Through empirical observation and data analysis, the goal is
to provide a theoretical explanation for the observed differences, such as socioeconomic
factors or community resources.
· Generalization: After
studying a specific community, the sociologist aims to generalize the findings
to a larger population or circumstances. For instance, if the research
identifies patterns of social interaction that contribute to community
well-being, the goal is to generalize these patterns to other communities
facing similar challenges.
· Prediction or Definition:
Sociologists aim to predict or define future occurrences based on current
knowledge. For example, a sociologist studying the impact of technological
advancements on social relationships may predict future changes in
communication patterns and define the evolving nature of social interactions.
4. Evaluate the
advantages and disadvantages of using surveys as a research design in
sociology. Provide examples to illustrate each point.
· Answer:
Advantages of Surveys:
· Data Collection Efficiency: Surveys allow researchers to collect
data from a large number of participants efficiently, making it a practical
choice for studying broad social trends.
· Quantifiable Data: Survey responses are often quantifiable,
enabling researchers to analyze data statistically and identify patterns or
correlations.
· Versatility: Surveys can be administered through various
methods, such as online questionnaires, phone interviews, or face-to-face
interactions, providing versatility in data collection.
Disadvantages of Surveys:
· Limited Depth: Surveys may provide quantitative data but often
lack depth in understanding complex social phenomena. They may not capture the
nuances of individuals' experiences or motivations.
· Response Bias: Participants may provide socially desirable
responses or alter their answers based on perceived expectations, leading to
response bias.
· Sampling Challenges: Achieving a truly representative sample can
be challenging, especially with online surveys where certain demographics may
be overrepresented.
Example: A sociologist using a survey to study public perceptions of
government policies may efficiently collect responses from a diverse
population. However, the survey's limitations, such as potential response bias
and the inability to capture detailed qualitative insights, should be
considered.
5. Examine the role of
experimentation as a research design in sociology. Discuss the advantages and
limitations of experimental research.
· Answer:
Role of Experimentation:
· Causality Testing: Experiments allow researchers to manipulate
variables to test causality, helping establish cause-and-effect relationships
in social phenomena.
· Controlled Environment: Experiments provide a controlled
environment, enabling researchers to isolate specific factors and reduce external
influences.
Advantages of Experimental Research:
· Causality Confirmation: Experimental designs can confirm
causality, demonstrating that changes in one variable lead to changes in
another.
· Replicability: Experiments are replicable, allowing other
researchers to conduct similar studies and validate findings.
· Precise Control: Researchers have precise control over
experimental conditions, enhancing internal validity.
Limitations of Experimental Research:
· Artificiality: Experiments may create artificial conditions that
differ from real-world settings, limiting the generalizability of findings.
· Ethical Concerns: Some experimental manipulations may raise
ethical concerns, especially if they involve potential harm to participants.
· External Validity: Findings from experiments may lack external
validity, meaning they may not apply to broader social contexts.
Example: A sociologist conducting an experiment on the effects of social
media on interpersonal relationships may manipulate exposure levels to observe
changes in participants' behaviors. While the experiment provides insights into
causality, the artificiality of the lab setting and ethical considerations
should be acknowledged.
Lesson no 6:
1. What is the main
focus of micro sociology?
· A) Macro-level structures
· B) Social institutions
· C) Social interaction
· D) Cultural analysis
· Correct Answer: C) Social
interaction
2. Which of the
following is an example of nonverbal communication?
· A) Written letters
· B) Spoken language
· C) Facial expressions
· D) Phone calls
· Correct Answer: C) Facial
expressions
3. According to social
exchange theory, what motivates individuals in relationships?
· A) Altruism
· B) Profit motive
· C) Charitable donations
· D) Collective well-being
· Correct Answer: B) Profit
motive
4. What principle is
established by the norm of reciprocity in social exchange theory?
· A) Competition
· B) Altruism
· C) Cooperation
· D) Exchange of favors
· Correct Answer: D) Exchange of
favors
5. Which type of
interaction involves people cooperating to achieve common objectives?
· A) Competition
· B) Conflict
· C) Cooperation
· D) Coercion
· Correct Answer: C) Cooperation
6. In the context of social
interaction, what is coercion?
· A) Voluntary collaboration
· B) Unintentional gestures
· C) Threat of force
· D) Nonverbal communication
· Correct Answer: C) Threat of
force
7. What does the term
"status" refer to in sociology?
· A) Financial wealth
· B) Social identity
· C) Personal achievements
· D) Physical appearance
· Correct Answer: B) Social
identity
8. What is the term
for a person's current set of statuses?
· A) Status hierarchy
· B) Status collection
· C) Status set
· D) Status array
· Correct Answer: C) Status set
9. Which type of
status is acquired at birth or unwittingly adopted later in life?
· A) Achieved status
· B) Master status
· C) Ascribed status
· D) Status symbol
· Correct Answer: C) Ascribed
status
10. What is a master status in sociology?
· A) A prestigious position
· B) A dominant social identity
· C) A significant life achievement
· D) A central and overriding status
· Correct Answer: D) A central
and overriding status
11. What does the role system in sociology refer to?
· A) The expectations associated
with a status
· B) The hierarchy of social
positions
· C) The distribution of wealth in
society
· D) The analysis of cultural
practices
· Correct Answer: A) The
expectations associated with a status
12. How does Robert Merton use the term "role set"
in sociology?
· A) A set of predefined roles
· B) A collection of role models
· C) A number of responsibilities
connected to a particular status
· D) A group of individuals sharing
the same role
· Correct Answer: C) A number of
responsibilities connected to a particular status
13. What is role conflict in sociology?
· A) Conflict between roles related
to two or more statuses
· B) Conflict within a single role
· C) Conflict between individuals
and society
· D) Conflict related to social
status
· Correct Answer: A) Conflict
between roles related to two or more statuses
14. What does the process of accommodation in social
interaction involve?
· A) Combining different cultural
groups
· B) Forcing conformity to dominant
norms
· C) Cultural fusion and
cohabitation
· D) Promoting assimilation
· Correct Answer: C) Cultural
fusion and cohabitation
15. Which type of assimilation involves adopting the culture
of the dominant group?
· A) Structural assimilation
· B) Cultural assimilation
· C) Marital assimilation
· D) Ethnic assimilation
· Correct Answer: B) Cultural
assimilation
16. What does the term "amalgamation" describe in
social interaction?
· A) Cultural diffusion
· B) The fusion of cultural groups
· C) Structural assimilation
· D) Marital assimilation
· Correct Answer: B) The fusion
of cultural groups
17. How does diffusion occur in social interaction?
· A) Through cultural fusion
· B) Through trade, communication,
or migration
· C) Through assimilation
· D) Through coercion
· Correct Answer: B) Through
trade, communication, or migration
18. What is the primary focus of social interaction in micro
sociology?
· A) Macro-level structures
· B) Social institutions
· C) Cultural practices
· D) Individual and group behavior
· Correct Answer: D) Individual
and group behavior
19. Which theory suggests that individuals seek to maximize
rewards and minimize costs in relationships?
· A) Conflict theory
· B) Social exchange theory
· C) Symbolic interactionism
· D) Structural functionalism
· Correct Answer: B) Social
exchange theory
20. What is the term for the intentional or unintentional
expression of meaning and emotion without words?
· A) Verbal communication
· B) Written communication
· C) Nonverbal communication
· D) Intercultural communication
· Correct Answer: C) Nonverbal
communication
21. According to the principle of reciprocity, what is
expected in social exchanges?
· A) Mutual benefits
· B) Competition
· C) Conflict
· D) Altruism
· Correct Answer: A) Mutual
benefits
22. Which type of interaction involves people competing for
societal rewards with only one winner?
· A) Cooperation
· B) Competition
· C) Conflict
· D) Coercion
· Correct Answer: B) Competition
23. What is the term for a status that significantly shapes
an individual's entire life?
· A) Achieved status
· B) Master status
· C) Ascribed status
· D) Status symbol
· Correct Answer: B) Master
status
24. What is the main goal of cooperation in social
interaction?
· A) Mutual benefits
· B) Conflict resolution
· C) Individual success
· D) Social dominance
· Correct Answer: A) Mutual
benefits
25. How does coercion function as a unifying factor in social
interaction?
· A) Through voluntary collaboration
· B) Through overt displays of power
· C) Through nonverbal communication
· D) Through the threat of force
· Correct Answer: D) Through the
threat of force
26. Which term describes a set of expectations associated
with a particular position in society?
· A) Role conflict
· B) Role set
· C) Master status
· D) Role system
· Correct Answer: D) Role system
27. In the context of social interaction, what is role
strain?
· A) Conflict within a single role
· B) Conflict between roles related
to two or more statuses
· C) Conflict between individuals
and society
· D) Conflict related to social
status
· Correct Answer: A) Conflict
within a single role
28. What is the term for the process of adapting to cultural
differences for cohabitation?
· A) Assimilation
· B) Accommodation
· C) Amalgamation
· D) Diffusion
· Correct Answer: B)
Accommodation
29. Which type of assimilation involves participating in the
social organizations of the dominant group?
· A) Cultural assimilation
· B) Structural assimilation
· C) Marital assimilation
· D) Ethnic assimilation
· Correct Answer: B) Structural
assimilation
30. What does the term "role set" refer to in
sociology?
· A) A set of predefined roles
· B) A collection of role models
· C) A number of responsibilities
connected to a particular status
· D) A group of individuals sharing
the same role
· Correct Answer: C) A number of
responsibilities connected to a particular status
31. In sociology, what is the term for conflict between roles
related to a single position?
· A) Role conflict
· B) Role set
· C) Role strain
· D) Role hierarchy
· Correct Answer: C) Role strain
32. How is diffusion different from amalgamation in social
interaction?
· A) Diffusion involves cultural
fusion, while amalgamation involves the spread of cultural practices.
· B) Diffusion is about blending
cultures, while amalgamation is about the movement of cultural qualities.
· C) Diffusion refers to the fusion
of ethnic groups, while amalgamation involves trade and communication.
· D) Diffusion is a form of
assimilation, while amalgamation is a process of cultural identity creation.
· Correct Answer: B) Diffusion is
about blending cultures, while amalgamation is about the movement of cultural
qualities.
33. What is the primary impact of accommodation and
assimilation on social identity?
· A) Preservation of cultural
differences
· B) Creation of new cultural
identities
· C) Reduction of social integration
· D) Increase in cultural conflicts
· Correct Answer: B) Creation of
new cultural identities
34. What is the role of coercion in social interaction?
· A) Encouraging voluntary
collaboration
· B) Suppressing individual
expression
· C) Promoting cultural fusion
· D) Threatening force for
engagement
· Correct Answer: D) Threatening
force for engagement
35. Which sociological theory focuses on individuals
manipulating variables to test causality?
· A) Social exchange theory
· B) Structural functionalism
· C) Symbolic interactionism
· D) Conflict theory
· Correct Answer: C) Symbolic
interactionism
36. In the context of social interaction, what does the term
"nonverbal communication" encompass?
· A) Spoken language
· B) Written communication
· C) Facial expressions, gestures,
and body language
· D) Intercultural communication
· Correct Answer: C) Facial
expressions, gestures, and body language
37. What is the norm of reciprocity in social exchange
theory?
· A) Voluntary collaboration
· B) Mutual benefits in social
exchanges
· C) Overt displays of power
· D) Threatening force for
engagement
· Correct Answer: B) Mutual
benefits in social exchanges
38. Which type of interaction involves individuals or groups competing
for societal rewards with only one winner?
· A) Cooperation
· B) Competition
· C) Conflict
· D) Coercion
· Correct Answer: B) Competition
39. What is the term for a status that individuals
deliberately assume based on talent and effort?
· A) Achieved status
· B) Master status
· C) Ascribed status
· D) Status symbol
· Correct Answer: A) Achieved
status
40. What is the primary goal of cooperation in social
interaction?
· A) Conflict resolution
· B) Social dominance
· C) Mutual benefits
· D) Individual success
· Correct Answer: C) Mutual
benefits
41. How does coercion function as a unifying factor in social
interaction?
· A) Through voluntary collaboration
· B) Through overt displays of power
· C) Through nonverbal communication
· D) Through the threat of force
· Correct Answer: D) Through the
threat of force
42. Which term describes a set of expectations associated
with a particular position in society?
· A) Role conflict
· B) Role set
· C) Master status
· D) Role system
· Correct Answer: D) Role system
43. In the context of social interaction, what is role
strain?
· A) Conflict within a single role
· B) Conflict between roles related
to two or more statuses
· C) Conflict between individuals
and society
· D) Conflict related to social
status
· Correct Answer: A) Conflict
within a single role
44. What is the term for the process of adapting to cultural
differences for cohabitation?
· A) Assimilation
· B) Accommodation
· C) Amalgamation
· D) Diffusion
· Correct Answer: B) Accommodation
45. Which type of assimilation involves participating in the
social organizations of the dominant group?
· A) Cultural assimilation
· B) Structural assimilation
· C) Marital assimilation
· D) Ethnic assimilation
· Correct Answer: B) Structural
assimilation
46. What does the term "role set" refer to in
sociology?
· A) A set of predefined roles
· B) A collection of role models
· C) A number of responsibilities
connected to a particular status
· D) A group of individuals sharing
the same role
· Correct Answer: C) A number of
responsibilities connected to a particular status
46.
What is coercion in social interaction?
o A) Collaboration for mutual
benefit
o B) Open communication
o C) The threat of force to
compel engagement
o D) Conflict resolution
technique
o Answer: C) The threat of force
to compel engagement
47.
Which of the following is NOT a form of coercive technique
mentioned?
o A) Ridicule
o B) Gossip
o C) Collaboration
o D) Silent treatment
o Answer: C) Collaboration
48.
What is status in the context of social interaction?
o A) A person's prestige
o B) A position in society
o C) Social identity
o D) All of the above
o Answer: B) A position in
society
49.
What is a status set?
o A) A single social identity
o B) Multiple statuses a person
holds simultaneously
o C) A hierarchical status
structure
o D) A status conflict resolution
o Answer: B) Multiple statuses a
person holds simultaneously
50.
Which of the following is an achieved status?
o A) Gender
o B) Race
o C) Social class at birth
o D) Becoming a lawyer
o Answer: D) Becoming a lawyer
16.
What is a master status?
o A) A status achieved through
hard work
o B) A status that dominates all
other statuses
o C) A status assigned at birth
o D) A low-status position
o Answer: B) A status that
dominates all other statuses
17.
What is the role system in social interaction?
o A) The set of behaviors
expected in a specific position
o B) The hierarchy of social
roles
o C) A system of role conflict
resolution
o D) The study of social roles
o Answer: A) The set of behaviors
expected in a specific position
18.
What does role conflict involve?
o A) Conflict between two
different roles
o B) Conflict between roles
related to two or more statuses
o C) Harmony between roles
o D) Lack of role expectations
o Answer: B) Conflict between
roles related to two or more statuses
19.
What does accommodation in social interaction refer to?
o A) Maintaining the status quo
o B) Adapting to cultural
differences
o C) Resisting change
o D) Avoiding social interactions
o Answer: B) Adapting to cultural
differences
20.
What is assimilation in social interaction?
o A) Maintaining cultural
diversity
o B) Blending into the dominant
culture
o C) Resisting any change
o D) Rejecting social integration
o Answer: B) Blending into the
dominant culture
21.
What is amalgamation in the context of social interaction?
o A) The process of blending
cultural groups
o B) The resistance to cultural
change
o C) The isolation of cultural
groups
o D) The promotion of cultural
diversity
o Answer: A) The process of
blending cultural groups
22.
How does diffusion occur in social interaction?
o A) Through coercion
o B) Through force
o C) Through trade,
communication, or migration
o D) Through assimilation
o
Answer: C) Through trade, communication, or migration
Short
Questions:
1. What does social
interaction refer to?
· Answer: Social interaction refers to how individuals behave and respond
to one another, as well as group behavior.
2. Define micro
sociology.
· Answer: Micro sociology is the study of social interaction at the
individual and small group level.
3. What is nonverbal
communication?
· Answer: Nonverbal communication involves expressing meaning and emotion
through body language, facial expressions, and gestures.
4. According to social
exchange theory, what is the "profit motive" in relationships?
· Answer: The "profit motive" in relationships, according to
social exchange theory, is the desire to maximize rewards and minimize costs.
5. Explain the
principle of reciprocity in social exchange.
· Answer: The principle of reciprocity suggests that individuals should
help those who have benefited them in the past, establishing the expectation of
mutual aid.
6. Why is cooperation
essential in social life?
· Answer: Cooperation is essential in social life for human survival and
maintaining routine interactions for various purposes, including relationships
and work.
7. Distinguish between
competition and conflict in social interaction.
· Answer: Competition involves individuals or groups striving for a
common goal, while conflict is a competitive situation where individuals or
groups vie for a prized object or goal.
8. What is coercion,
and how does it function in social interactions?
· Answer: Coercion is the use or threat of force to compel engagement in
social interactions, serving as a mechanism to hold individuals or groups
together.
9. Define status in
the context of social interaction.
· Answer: Status refers to a person's position in society, shaping how
they conduct their daily lives and interact with others.
10. What is a status set?
· Answer: A status set is the collection of multiple statuses that an
individual holds simultaneously.
11. Differentiate between ascribed and achieved status.
· Answer: An ascribed status is one acquired at birth or later without
conscious choice, while an achieved status is deliberately assumed and reflects
individual effort.
12. Explain the concept of a master status.
· Answer: A master status is a highly significant status that shapes an
individual's social identity and often determines how they are perceived by
others.
13. What is the role system in social interaction?
· Answer: The role system is the set of behaviors expected of someone in
a particular position or status.
14. Define role conflict.
· Answer: Role conflict occurs when there is conflict between roles
related to two or more statuses that an individual holds.
15. What is accommodation in social interaction?
· Answer: Accommodation involves adapting to cultural differences and
commonalities to cohabit and work with others.
16. Explain assimilation in social interaction.
· Answer: Assimilation is the process where a minority group adopts the
cultural norms of the majority group, often losing its distinct identity.
17. Define amalgamation in the context of social interaction.
· Answer: Amalgamation is the process of fusing or combining various
ethnic or cultural groups to create a new and unique cultural identity.
18. How does diffusion occur in social interaction?
· Answer: Diffusion involves the movement of cultural practices or
qualities from one group to another through trade, communication, or migration.
19. What are the elements of social interaction related to
status and role?
· Answer: The elements of social interaction related to status and role
include understanding status, status set, ascribed and achieved status, master
status, role, role set, role conflict, and role strain.
20. Why is cooperation considered crucial for human survival?
· Answer: Cooperation is crucial for human survival as it enables routine
face-to-face interactions, facilitates the formation of relationships, and is
essential for tasks related to love, protection, and earning a living.
21. Discuss the principle of reciprocity in social exchange
theory.
· Answer: The principle of reciprocity in social exchange theory suggests
that individuals are motivated to aid and not harm those who have benefited
them in the past. It establishes the expectation that favors will be repaid.
22. Explain the concept of a status set with an example.
· Answer: A status set is the collection of multiple statuses that an
individual holds simultaneously. For example, a person can be a parent, a
professional, a friend, and a volunteer, all at the same time.
23. How does role conflict differ from role strain?
· Answer: Role conflict involves conflict between roles related to two or
more statuses, while role strain is conflict between roles related to a single
position.
24. Discuss the impact of accommodation on cultural
diversity.
· Answer: Accommodation involves adapting to cultural differences, and
its impact on cultural diversity can be significant. It can contribute to
social integration and change by fostering understanding and coexistence.
25. Explain the significance of a master status in social
identity.
· Answer: A master status is highly significant for social identity as it
often shapes an individual's entire life. It provides extensive information
about their background, education, and financial status.
Long
Questions:
1. Elaborate on the
types of social interaction, focusing on non-verbal communication.
· Answer: Social interaction encompasses various types, and nonverbal
communication is a crucial aspect. Nonverbal communication involves expressing
meaning and emotion through body language, facial expressions, and gestures. It
plays a significant role in shaping social interactions and relationships.
Different cultures may have distinct nonverbal communication styles, leading to
occasional misunderstandings.
2. Discuss the
principles of social exchange theory and how they influence everyday
interactions.
· Answer: Social exchange theory suggests that individuals seek to maximize
rewards and minimize costs in relationships. The "profit motive"
drives human interactions. The principle of reciprocity, where individuals aid
those who have benefited them, establishes expectations of mutual assistance.
The theory explains how individuals, societies, and businesses continuously
assess costs and benefits in interactions, influencing relationship dynamics.
3. Examine the role of
cooperation in social interaction and its significance for human survival.
· Answer: Cooperation is a fundamental style of interaction where people
work together to achieve common goals. It is essential for human survival,
maintaining routine interactions, and performing tasks related to love,
protection, and livelihood. Without cooperation, social life would be
challenging or impossible. The value of cooperation may vary among different
communities, reflecting cultural norms and values.
4. Differentiate
between competition and conflict in social interaction, providing real-world
examples.
· Answer: Competition and conflict are both forms of interaction, but
they differ in their nature and outcomes. Competition involves individuals or
groups striving for a common goal, acknowledging that there is a finite number
of rewards, and only one can win. Conflict, on the other hand, arises when
individuals or groups compete for a "commonly prized object or goal."
Real-world examples include businesses competing for customers (competition)
and political opponents competing for votes (conflict).
5. Explore the concept
of coercion in social interaction, highlighting its forms and impact.
· Answer: Coercion involves the threat or use of force to compel
engagement in social interactions. It serves as a unifying factor in
relationships and groups. Coercion takes various forms, including overt
displays of power, but its power lies in its subtler forms like ridicule,
gossip, the silent treatment, and loss of affection. Both superordinates (those
in power) and subordinates are involved in coercion, conditioning each other's
behavior.
6. Examine the
elements of social interaction related to status and role, discussing the
concept of a status set.
· Answer: Status is a person's position in society, shaping their daily
interactions. A status set is the collection of multiple statuses that an
individual holds simultaneously. Statuses can be ascribed or achieved, and some
may serve as master statuses, significantly shaping an individual's life.
Roles, which involve expected behaviors, form the role system. Role conflict
and role strain may arise when there are conflicts between roles or
expectations related to a single position.
7. Discuss the
processes of social interaction, focusing on accommodation and assimilation.
· Answer: Accommodation involves adapting to cultural differences to
cohabit and work with others. It contributes to cultural diversity, social
integration, and social change. Assimilation, however, is the process where a
minority group adopts the cultural norms of the majority, often leading to the
loss of its distinct identity. These processes have significant implications
for the social identity of diaspora populations.
8. Explore the
processes of social interaction, specifically amalgamation and diffusion.
· Answer: Amalgamation is the process of fusing various ethnic or
cultural groups to create a new and unique cultural identity. Diffusion
involves the movement of cultural practices or qualities from one group to
another through trade, communication, or migration. These processes contribute
to the diversity and richness of cultures, creating a dynamic interplay between
different groups.
9. Analyze the impact
of role conflict and role strain on individuals in contemporary societies.
· Answer: Role conflict occurs when there is conflict between roles
related to two or more statuses that an individual holds. Role strain involves
conflict between roles related to a single position. In contemporary societies,
individuals juggle multiple responsibilities and roles, leading to challenges
in balancing competing demands. This can result in physical and emotional
exhaustion, influencing personal and professional decisions.
10. Investigate the significance of nonverbal communication
in social interactions, using cultural examples.
· Answer: Nonverbal communication, involving body language, facial
expressions, and gestures, plays a crucial role in social interactions. Different
cultures have distinct nonverbal communication styles, leading to occasional
misunderstandings. For example, the use of nonverbal cues in social
interactions and romantic relationships in a specific cultural context, such as
Pakistan, can be explored to understand the cultural nuances and variations in
nonverbal communication.
Lesson no 7:
1. What is the core of
group life according to the text?
· A. Power dynamics
· B. Loyalty
· C. Social interaction
· D. Formal structure
Answer: C. Social interaction
2. How does the text
define a social group?
· A. One or more individuals who
share the same category
· B. Two or more individuals who
interact and share common interests
· C. Large organizations only
· D. Strangers with a common status
Answer: B. Two or more individuals who interact and share common
interests
3. Which term is used
for a group of people arranged haphazardly in one location?
· A. Organization
· B. Category
· C. Crowd
· D. Community
Answer: C. Crowd
4. According to
Charles Horton Cooley, what are tiny, close-knit groups called?
· A. Secondary groups
· B. In-groups
· C. Primary groups
· D. Formal groups
Answer: C. Primary groups
5. What is valued in
primary groups, according to the text?
· A. Achievements
· B. Relationships themselves
· C. Social identities
· D. Formal roles
Answer: B. Relationships themselves
6. Which of the following
is an example of a primary group?
· A. Coworkers in an office
· B. Classmates in a lecture hall
· C. Couples and families
· D. Members of a political party
Answer: C. Couples and families
7. What is the term
for a group working together in a formal, impersonal setting to achieve a
single goal?
· A. In-group
· B. Secondary group
· C. Out-group
· D. Primary group
Answer: B. Secondary group
8. What is the primary
characteristic of secondary group relationships?
· A. Long-lasting interactions
· B. Informal ties
· C. Engagement for personal
satisfaction
· D. Norms and specific
responsibilities
Answer: D. Norms and specific responsibilities
9. How is instrumental
behavior defined in secondary groups?
· A. Engaging for personal
satisfaction
· B. Engagement for specific goals
· C. Informal interactions
· D. Long-lasting ties
Answer: B. Engagement for specific goals
10. What is crucial for modern civilization according to the
text?
· A. Primary groups
· B. Secondary groups
· C. Both A and B
· D. Formal organizations
Answer: B. Secondary groups
11. What does a reference group serve as when evaluating
beliefs and actions?
· A. A point of comparison
· B. A formal structure
· C. A primary group
· D. An out-group
Answer: A. A point of comparison
12. Ingroup and outgroup dynamics are essential aspects of:
· A. Primary groups
· B. Secondary groups
· C. Group dynamics
· D. Virtual groups
Answer: C. Group dynamics
13. What does the conflict between in-groups and out-groups
emphasize?
· A. Cooperation
· B. Group stability
· C. Social identities
· D. Desirable attributes
Answer: C. Social identities
14. What does a dyad refer to in group size?
· A. A group with three members
· B. A group with two members
· C. A large group
· D. A reference group
Answer: B. A group with two members
15. According to Georg Simmel, why is social interaction in a
dyad typically more intense?
· A. More formal structure
· B. Fewer interactions
· C. Shared responsibilities
· D. Undivided attention
Answer: D. Undivided attention
16. What is a triad in group size comprised of?
· A. Four members
· B. Three relationships linking
three individuals
· C. Five members
· D. Two relationships linking two individuals
Answer: B. Three relationships linking three individuals
17. Why is a triad considered more stable than a dyad?
· A. It has more members
· B. It has shared responsibilities
· C. It can include a mediator
· D. It has formal rules
Answer: C. It can include a mediator
18. What does the conflict between in-groups and out-groups
help people define?
· A. Social identities
· B. Norms and regulations
· C. Instrumental behavior
· D. Formal structure
Answer: A. Social identities
19. Which term is used for groups that communicate mostly
online, such as social media networks?
· A. Formal groups
· B. Virtual groups
· C. Informal groups
· D. In-groups
Answer: B. Virtual groups
20. How do larger groups rely more on maintaining stability
compared to smaller groups?
· A. Formal rules and regulations
· B. Personal attachment
· C. Undivided attention
· D. Shared responsibilities
Answer: A. Formal rules and regulations
21. What is the term for adapting to cultural differences and
commonalities to cohabit and work with others?
· A. Assimilation
· B. Accommodation
· C. Amalgamation
· D. Diffusion
Answer: B. Accommodation
22. What is the process where minority groups lose their
particular identities and adopt the cultural norms of the dominant group?
· A. Amalgamation
· B. Diffusion
· C. Assimilation
· D. Accommodation
Answer: C. Assimilation
23. Which type of group encourages social interaction,
cooperation, and assists in achieving shared aims and objectives?
· A. In-group
· B. Out-group
· C. Formal group
· D. Secondary group
Answer: D. Secondary group
24. What type of group does the term "amalgamation"
describe?
· A. Groups with shared interests
· B. Groups with a formal structure
· C. Groups combining various ethnic
or cultural groups
· D. Groups communicating mostly online
Answer: C. Groups combining various ethnic or cultural groups
25. How does the term "diffusion" describe the
movement of cultural practices or qualities between groups?
· A. Through trade, communication,
or migration
· B. Through formal rules and
regulations
· C. Through undivided attention
· D. Through shared responsibilities
Answer: A. Through trade, communication, or migration
26. What term describes a social position that a person
either acquires at birth or unwittingly adopts later in life?
· A. Achieved status
· B. Master status
· C. Ascribed status
· D. Role status
Answer: C. Ascribed status
27. Which type of status is deliberately assumed and reflects
an individual's own talent and effort?
· A. Achieved status
· B. Master status
· C. Ascribed status
· D. Role status
Answer: A. Achieved status
28. What is a master status according to the text?
· A. A status with little
significance
· B. A status that shapes an
individual's entire life
· C. A formal status within an
organization
· D. A status without any importance
Answer: B. A status that shapes an individual's entire life
29. What is the term for the behavior expected of someone in
a particular position within the role system?
· A. Role set
· B. Role conflict
· C. Role status
· D. Role strain
Answer: C. Role status
30. What does the term "role set" describe?
· A. Conflicting roles within a
position
· B. Responsibilities of a single
role
· C. Interaction within a dyad
· D. A number of responsibilities
connected to a particular status
Answer: D. A number of responsibilities connected to a
particular status
31. What is the term for conflict between roles related to
two or more statuses?
· A. Role set
· B. Role conflict
· C. Role status
· D. Role strain
Answer: B. Role conflict
32. How is role conflict resolved, according to the text?
· A. By maintaining the status quo
· B. By eliminating one of the
conflicting roles
· C. By delaying decisions
· D. By separating aspects of life
Answer: B. By eliminating one of the conflicting roles
33. What does the term "accommodation" refer to in
social interaction?
· A. Fusing cultural groups
· B. Resolving role conflicts
· C. Adapting to cultural
differences
· D. Assimilating cultural practices
Answer: C. Adapting to cultural differences
34. What is the impact of accommodation and assimilation on
social identity, according to the text?
· A. No impact
· B. Negative impact
· C. Positive impact
· D. Limited impact
Answer: C. Positive impact
35. How does the text define coercion in social interaction?
· A. Overt displays of power and
authority
· B. Subtle forms of influence
· C. Social interactions without
conflict
· D. Dominance through persuasion
Answer: A. Overt displays of power and authority
36. Which term describes the substance that holds individuals
or groups together when they are required to engage with each other?
· A. Coercion
· B. Accommodation
· C. Amalgamation
· D. Diffusion
Answer: A. Coercion
37. What is the term for a social position that shapes how
people conduct their daily lives?
· A. Role set
· B. Master status
· C. Ascribed status
· D. Role status
Answer: B. Master status
38. What does Georg Simmel note about status in the text?
· A. Status has no relevance to
daily life
· B. Status is solely about prestige
· C. Status is about relationships
· D. Status is irrelevant in
microsociology
Answer: C. Status is about relationships
39. What is the term for a person's current set of statuses?
· A. Status set
· B. Ascribed status
· C. Master status
· D. Achieved status
Answer: A. Status set
40. How are statuses categorized based on how individuals
acquire them?
· A. By relationships
· B. By importance
· C. By interaction
· D. By how individuals get them
Answer: D. By how individuals get them
41. What is the term for a social position an individual attains
voluntarily that reflects personal ability and merit?
· A. Achieved status
· B. Master status
· C. Ascribed status
· D. Role status
Answer: A. Achieved status
42. According to the text, what is one of the primary functions
of groups in our lives?
· A. Isolation
· B. Power dynamics
· C. Sense of belonging
· D. Role strain
Answer: C. Sense of belonging
43. What are primary groups crucial for, according to Charles
Horton Cooley?
· A. Achievements
· B. Relationships themselves
· C. Formal roles
· D. Power dynamics
Answer: B. Relationships themselves
44. What is the significance of primary groups in shaping our
identity, according to the text?
· A. They have no impact on identity
· B. They shape how we see the world
· C. They focus on achievements
· D. They contribute to isolation
Answer: B. They shape how we see the world
45. How does the text describe the primary groups' contribution
to our viewpoint?
· A. They have limited impact
· B. They form a "we"
· C. They emphasize formal roles
· D. They discourage individuality
Answer: B. They form a "we"
46. What does the term "virtual groups" include, as
per the text?
· A. Face-to-face interactions
· B. Formal organizations
· C. Groups that communicate mostly
online
· D. Secondary groups only
Answer: C. Groups that communicate mostly online
47. What is a reference group used for when evaluating
beliefs and actions?
· A. Overt displays of power
· B. Formal regulations
· C. Point of comparison
· D. Social isolation
Answer: C. Point of comparison
48. According to the text, what does the concept of
"ingroup and outgroup" emphasize?
· A. Cooperation
· B. Group dynamics
· C. Role strain
· D. Power dynamics
Answer: B. Group dynamics
49. What did Georg Simmel investigate regarding group
dynamics?
· A. Power dynamics in large groups
· B. Social processes in the
smallest groups
· C. Virtual group interactions
· D. Secondary group behaviors
Answer: B. Social processes in the smallest groups
50. What is the primary characteristic of a dyad, according
to Simmel?
· A. Intense social interaction
· B. Shared responsibilities
· C. Formal structure
· D. Large size
Answer: A. Intense social interaction
Short-Answer
Questions:
1. Q: What is a
primary group?
· A: A primary group consists
of individuals who regularly interact, form enduring bonds, and share deep,
emotional connections.
2. Q: Provide an
example of a primary group.
· A: An example of a primary
group is a close-knit family.
3. Q: How does Charles
Horton Cooley describe primary groups?
· A: Cooley describes primary
groups as "springs of life" crucial in shaping an individual's social
nature and ideas.
4. Q: What
characterizes relationships in primary groups?
· A: Relationships in primary
groups are informal, adaptable, and valued for the connections themselves
rather than utilitarian purposes.
5. Q: Define a
secondary group.
· A: A secondary group is a
formal, impersonal gathering of individuals working together to achieve
specific goals.
6. Q: Give an example
of a secondary group.
· A: An example of a
secondary group is a classroom of students and teachers working together for
educational purposes.
7. Q: What role do
norms play in secondary groups?
· A: Norms are significant in
secondary groups, guiding behaviors in the context of specific
responsibilities.
8. Q: Differentiate
between in-groups and out-groups.
· A: In-groups are
characterized by loyalty and belonging, while out-groups evoke opposition or
rivalry.
9. Q: What are formal
groups, and how do they differ from informal groups?
· A: Formal groups have a
defined structure, objectives, and regulations, while informal groups form
based on common interests or social links.
10. Q: What is a reference group, and how is it used in
social evaluation?
· A: A reference group is a
social group used as a point of comparison when evaluating beliefs and actions.
11. Q: Explain the concept of "ingroup and
outgroup" in group dynamics.
· A: Ingroup and outgroup
dynamics involve favorably judging one's own social group (ingroup) while
feeling competition or hostility toward another group (outgroup).
12. Q: According to Georg Simmel, what is a dyad?
· A: A dyad is a social group
with two members, characterized by intense social interaction.
13. Q: How does Simmel describe the stability of a dyad?
· A: A dyad's stability
relies on the participation of both members; if one withholds, the group
disintegrates.
14. Q: What is a triad, and how does it differ from a dyad?
· A: A triad is a social
group with three members, offering more stability than a dyad due to the
possibility of mediating relationships.
15. Q: How do larger groups differ from smaller groups in terms
of personal engagement?
· A: Larger groups rely more
on formal rules and regulations, diminishing the deep personal engagement found
in smaller groups.
16. Q: Define status in the context of social groups.
· A: Status is a social
position that individuals either acquire at birth (ascribed status) or choose
(achieved status) later in life.
17. Q: What is the significance of a master status?
· A: A master status is one
that shapes an individual's entire life and is of utmost importance in defining
their social identity.
18. Q: Describe the term "role set."
· A: A role set refers to the
number of responsibilities connected to a particular social status.
19. Q: How does role conflict arise in social interaction?
· A: Role conflict arises
when an individual experiences conflicting expectations related to two or more
social statuses.
20. Q: What is the function of primary groups in shaping our
identity, according to Cooley?
· A: Primary groups
contribute to shaping our identity by influencing our values and attitudes,
forming a "we."
21. Q: Explain the term "virtual groups" with an
example.
· A: Virtual groups
communicate mostly online, such as social media networks or online communities.
22. Q: How does a reference group influence decision-making?
· A: A reference group serves
as a point of comparison, impacting decisions by considering how others within
the group would react.
23. Q: What is the conflict between in-groups and out-groups,
as per the text?
· A: The conflict involves
favorably judging one's own group (ingroup) and feeling competition or
hostility toward another group (outgroup).
24. Q: According to Georg Simmel, what is the primary
characteristic of a dyad?
· A: The primary
characteristic of a dyad is intense social interaction due to the exclusive
attention shared between two members.
25. Q: How does group size impact stability, according to
Simmel's research?
· A: Larger groups become more
stable and resilient to the loss of members, relying less on personal
engagement and more on formal rules.
Long-Answer
Questions:
26. Q: Discuss the nature and significance of primary groups
in shaping individual identity.
· A: Primary groups, as
defined by Charles Horton Cooley, are fundamental in forming an individual's
social nature and ideas. These groups, such as close-knit families and deep
friendships, involve informal, adaptable relationships valued for their own
sake. Cooley suggests that our emotional health depends on these primary
groups, as they provide a sense of community and being valued. Primary groups
play a crucial role in shaping our identity by influencing our values and
attitudes, becoming part of our core social networks that persist into
adulthood.
27. Q: Compare and contrast primary groups and secondary
groups, highlighting their characteristics and functions.
· A: Primary groups and
secondary groups are two types of social groups with distinct characteristics
and functions. Primary groups involve close, enduring bonds with deep emotional
connections. Examples include families and close friendships. In contrast, secondary
groups are formal, impersonal gatherings formed to achieve specific goals, such
as classrooms or workplaces. While primary groups focus on relationships for
their own sake, secondary groups engage in instrumental behavior, where
interactions serve specific purposes. Secondary groups are often characterized
by norms, brief interactions, and specific responsibilities.
28. Q: Explore the impact of ingroups and outgroups on group
dynamics and social identity.
· A: Ingroups and outgroups
are crucial aspects of group dynamics, influencing social identity and
interactions. An ingroup is a social group to which an individual feels loyalty
and belonging, while an outgroup is perceived with opposition or rivalry. This
dynamic creates conflict between groups and helps individuals define their
social identities. Ingroup members tend to have exaggeratedly positive views of
themselves and negative views of outgroups. The conflict between ingroups and
outgroups emphasizes the "we" versus "they" mentality, contributing
to both loyalty and potential for discrimination or hostility.
29. Q: Discuss the significance of roles and statuses in
shaping social interactions.
· A: Roles and statuses play
a crucial role in shaping social interactions. Status refers to an individual's
position in a social structure, either ascribed or achieved. Achieved status
reflects personal ability and merit, while ascribed status is involuntarily
acquired. Roles, on the other hand, are sets of expectations associated with a
particular status. Role conflict arises when conflicting expectations are
linked to multiple statuses. Master status is a position that shapes an
individual's entire life. Understanding roles and statuses is essential for
comprehending social dynamics, as they guide behavior and expectations in
various social settings.
30. Q: Examine the impact of group size on social
interactions, drawing from Georg Simmel's research on dyads and triads.
· A: Georg Simmel's research
on group size highlights the impact on social interactions. A dyad, a group of
two, is characterized by intense social interaction, but it is also fragile,
depending on the active participation of both members. Triads, groups of three,
offer more stability due to the possibility of mediating relationships. As
group size increases, stability and resilience grow, but personal engagement
diminishes. Larger groups rely on formal rules and regulations instead of deep
personal connections. Understanding the dynamics of group size is essential for
comprehending how social interactions evolve based on the number of individuals
involved.
Lesson no 8:
1. Q: What
characterizes formal organizations?
· A) Informal relationships
· B) Lack of structure
· C) Pursuit of clear objectives
· D) Absence of hierarchy
· Answer: C) Pursuit of clear
objectives
2. Q: In traditional
societies, what were the exceptions to the rarity of formal organizations?
· A) Families
· B) Guilds, army, and the Roman
Catholic Church
· C) Neighbors
· D) Informal groups
· Answer: B) Guilds, army, and
the Roman Catholic Church
3. Q: What is a
notable example of a formal organization from the twelfth century?
· A) Family
· B) Guilds
· C) Church congregation
· D) Neighbourhood
· Answer: B) Guilds
4. Q: What is a key
characteristic of formal organizations in modern society?
· A) Rare occurrence
· B) Lack of hierarchy
· C) Bureaucratic tendency
· D) Informal structure
· Answer: C) Bureaucratic
tendency
5. Q: According to
Weber, what is a characteristic of bureaucracy?
· A) Lack of written rules
· B) Impersonality and
irreplaceability
· C) Absence of division of labor
· D) Clearly defined levels and
written regulations
· Answer: D) Clearly defined
levels and written regulations
6. Q: What does the
division of labor in a bureaucracy involve?
· A) Every employee doing the same
tasks
· B) Each employee having a set of
responsibilities
· C) No coordination of duties
· D) No organization goals
· Answer: B) Each employee having
a set of responsibilities
7. Q: According to
Weber, what do bureaucracies emphasize to become more effective?
· A) Impersonality
· B) Flexibility
· C) Lack of written communication
· D) Written rules
· Answer: D) Written rules
8. Q: What is a
consequence of bureaucratic dysfunctions?
· A) Increased public confidence
· B) Positive societal effects
· C) Erosion of public confidence
· D) Effective decision-making
· Answer: C) Erosion of public
confidence
9. Q: What is an
example of bureaucratic dysfunction?
· A) Efficient decision-making
· B) Lack of red tape
· C) Excessive communication between
units
· D) Poor decision-making
· Answer: D) Poor decision-making
10. Q: How does bureaucracy contribute to alienation, as per
Marx's concept?
· A) By fostering individuality
· B) By emphasizing personal
connections
· C) By viewing employees as jobs,
rules, and functions
· D) By reducing written
communication
· Answer: C) By viewing employees
as jobs, rules, and functions
11. Q: How do employees resist alienation in bureaucratic
settings?
· A) By avoiding primary groups
· B) By emphasizing individuality
· C) By forming primary groups
· D) By discouraging social interactions
· Answer: C) By forming primary
groups
12. Q: What is the "Peter principle" related to
bureaucracy?
· A) Employees never get promoted
· B) Employees reach the level of
incompetence
· C) Employees remain in the same
position
· D) Employees are always competent
· Answer: B) Employees reach the
level of incompetence
13. Q: According to recent trends, what is the impact of
media consolidation?
· A) Increased diversity
· B) Decentralization
· C) Erosion of media organizations
· D) Fewer mega media survivors
· Answer: D) Fewer mega media
survivors
14. Q: How is face-to-face communication different from mass
communication?
· A) It is bidirectional and spontaneous
· B) It involves a faceless
communicator
· C) The receiver and sender are the
same individual
· D) It is unidirectional with a
mass audience
· Answer: D) It is unidirectional
with a mass audience
15. Q: According to predictions, what will replace massive
bureaucratic organizations in the future?
· A) Smaller, more egalitarian
groups
· B) Larger, more centralized
organizations
· C) Hierarchical bureaucracies
· D) Unpredictable organizations
· Answer: A) Smaller, more
egalitarian groups
16. Q: What has altered industrial organization and work
practices in recent times?
· A) Decentralization
· B) Consistent bureaucratic
structures
· C) Japanese and Pacific Rim firms
· D) Lack of cultural changes
· Answer: C) Japanese and Pacific
Rim firms
17. Q: What characterizes the "network society"
according to sociologists?
· A) Constant change in work and
social life
· B) Stability and routine
conditions
· C) Large bureaucratic
organizations
· D) Lack of global interactions
· Answer: A) Constant change in
work and social life
18. Q: How has scientific research changed in terms of
organization?
· A) It is carried out by a single
organization
· B) It is now decentralized and
involves interdependent organizations
· C) It is no longer conducted
· D) It is unaffected by
bureaucratic structures
· Answer: B) It is now
decentralized and involves interdependent organizations
23.
Q: What did Warren Bennis and Philip Slater predict about the
future of bureaucratic organizations?
o A) They will become larger
o B) They will remain unchanged
o C) They will be replaced by
smaller, more egalitarian groups
o D) They will become more
centralized
o Answer: C) They will be
replaced by smaller, more egalitarian groups
24.
Q: In the context of bureaucracy, what does the term "red
tape" refer to?
o A) Efficient decision-making
o B) Flexible regulations
o C) Excessive and rigid
regulations
o D) Written communication
o Answer: C) Excessive and rigid
regulations
25.
Q: What is a characteristic of the network society, as per
sociologists?
o A) Stability and predictability
o B) Hierarchical organizational
structures
o C) Constant change and unpredictability
o D) Lack of global interactions
o Answer: C) Constant change and
unpredictability
1.
Q: According to Weber, what does impersonality in bureaucracy
mean?
1.
A) Emphasizing personal connections
2.
B) Position matters more than the individual
3.
C) Lack of written rules
4.
D) Informal relationships
5.
Answer: B) Position matters more than the individual
1.
Q: How do bureaucratic organizations keep records of their
activities?
1.
A) Through oral communication
2.
B) By avoiding written communication
3.
C) By keeping detailed written records
4.
D) By resisting alienation
5.
Answer: C) By keeping detailed written records
1.
Q: What is one consequence of bureaucratic dysfunction?
1.
A) Enhanced public confidence
2.
B) Erosion of public confidence
3.
C) Lack of written rules
4.
D) Increased efficiency
5.
Answer: B) Erosion of public confidence
1.
Q: How did Japanese and Pacific Rim firms influence industrial
organization and work practices?
1.
A) By promoting bureaucracy
2.
B) By resisting change
3.
C) By emphasizing collective decision-making
4.
D) By altering existing practices
5.
Answer: D) By altering existing practices
1.
Q: What is the Peter principle in the context of bureaucracy?
1.
A) Employees never get promoted
2.
B) Employees reach the level of incompetence
3.
C) Employees remain in the same position
4.
D) Employees are always competent
5.
Answer: B) Employees reach the level of incompetence
1.
Q: How do employees resist alienation in bureaucratic settings?
1.
A) By avoiding written communication
2.
B) By forming primary groups
3.
C) By embracing alienation
4.
D) By promoting hierarchy
5.
Answer: B) By forming primary groups
1.
Q: What is a key characteristic of formal organizations in
traditional societies?
1.
A) Lack of structure
2.
B) Pursuit of clear objectives
3.
C) Rare occurrence
4.
D) Lack of hierarchy
5.
Answer: C) Rare occurrence
1.
Q: What is a potential consequence of the lack of communication
between units in a bureaucracy?
1.
A) Enhanced efficiency
2.
B) Excessive red tape
3.
C) Effective decision-making
4.
D) Increased public confidence
5.
Answer: B) Excessive red tape
1.
Q: According to predictions, what will replace massive
bureaucratic organizations in the future?
1.
A) Smaller, more centralized organizations
2.
B) Larger, more hierarchical organizations
3.
C) Hierarchical bureaucracies
4.
D) Smaller, more egalitarian groups
5.
Answer: D) Smaller, more egalitarian groups
1.
Q: What is a primary characteristic of formal organizations in
modern society?
1.
A) Lack of hierarchy
2.
B) Limited interactions
3.
C) Rare occurrence
4.
D) Pervasiveness and significance
5.
Answer: D) Pervasiveness and significance
1.
Q: In a bureaucracy, what is the significance of a clearly
defined hierarchy?
1.
A) It promotes chaos
2.
B) It enhances flexibility
3.
C) It ensures accountability and order
4.
D) It discourages written rules
5.
Answer: C) It ensures accountability and order
1.
Q: How do bureaucratic organizations handle the division of
labor?
1.
A) Everyone does the same tasks
2.
B) Tasks are not clearly defined
3.
C) Each employee is given specific responsibilities
4.
D) Employees have no responsibilities
5.
Answer: C) Each employee is given specific responsibilities
1.
Q: What is a potential consequence of bureaucratic incompetence,
according to the Peter principle?
1.
A) Enhanced efficiency
2.
B) Promotion to higher levels of competence
3.
C) Relegation to insignificant roles
4.
D) Increased public confidence
5.
Answer: C) Relegation to insignificant roles
1.
Q: How do bureaucratic organizations address the issue of
replaceability?
1.
A) By promoting individuality
2.
B) By emphasizing personal connections
3.
C) By viewing the position as significant
4.
D) By resisting change
5.
Answer: C) By viewing the position as significant
1.
Q: What is a key characteristic of mass media organizations
according to sociologists?
1.
A) Bidirectional communication
2.
B) Face-to-face engagement
3.
C) Unidirectional communication
4.
D) Lack of standardized messages
5.
Answer: C) Unidirectional communication
1.
Q: What does the term "bureaucratic alienation" refer
to?
1.
A) A sense of belonging
2.
B) Feeling like a replaceable component
3.
C) Promoting teamwork
4.
D) Lack of hierarchy
5.
Answer: B) Feeling like a replaceable component
1.
Q: According to predictions, what organizational pattern is
becoming more prevalent in response to global markets?
1.
A) Centralization and rigidity
2.
B) Decentralization and flexibility
3.
C) Hierarchy and bureaucracy
4.
D) Standardization and predictability
5.
Answer: B) Decentralization and flexibility
1.
Q: What does the term "in-group" refer to in the
context of group dynamics?
1.
A) A group that one feels opposition or rivalry towards
2.
B) A group that one feels loyalty and belonging to
3.
C) A virtual group
4.
D) A primary group
5.
Answer: B) A group that one feels loyalty and belonging to
1.
Q: In the context of bureaucracy, what is a potential
dysfunction related to a lack of communication between units?
1.
A) Enhanced efficiency
2.
B) Excessive red tape
3.
C) Effective decision-making
4.
D) Increased public confidence
5.
Answer: B) Excessive red tape
1.
Q: What is a characteristic feature of formal organizations that
has become significant in modern social life?
1.
A) Hierarchical rigidity
2.
B) Lack of division of labor
3.
C) Pervasiveness and importance
4.
D) Rare occurrence
5.
Answer: C) Pervasiveness and importance
1.
Q: How do bureaucracies address the issue of impersonality?
1.
A) By promoting individualism
2.
B) By emphasizing personal connections
3.
C) By viewing the position as significant
4.
D) By considering the position as replaceable
5.
Answer: D) By considering the position as replaceable
1.
Q: What did Weber identify as a key characteristic of
bureaucracies related to regulations?
1.
A) Lack of written rules
2.
B) Overreliance on informal norms
3.
C) Strong emphasis on written regulations
4.
D) Flexible decision-making
5.
Answer: C) Strong emphasis on written regulations
1.
Q: What does the term "out-group" refer to in the
context of group dynamics?
1.
A) A group that one feels loyalty and belonging to
2.
B) A group that one feels opposition or rivalry towards
3.
C) A virtual group
4.
D) A reference group
5.
Answer: B) A group that one feels opposition or rivalry towards
1.
Q: What is a consequence of bureaucratic dysfunction known as
"lack of communication between units"?
1.
A) Enhanced efficiency
2.
B) Excessive red tape
3.
C) Effective decision-making
4.
D) Coordination and synergy
5.
Answer: B) Excessive red tape
1.
Q: In the context of group dynamics, what is an
"out-group"?
1.
A) A group with strong social bonds
2.
B) A reference group
3.
C) A group with which one feels opposition or rivalry
4.
D) A virtual group
5.
Answer: C) A group with which one feels opposition or rivalry
1.
Q: According to sociologists, what role do formal organizations
play in modern social life?
1.
A) They are rare and insignificant
2.
B) They are limited to specific industries
3.
C) They are pervasive and essential
4.
D) They have no impact on social life
5.
Answer: C) They are pervasive and essential
1.
Q: What is a key characteristic of the triad in social group
dynamics?
1.
A) Stability due to the third member
2.
B) Enhanced intensity of social interaction
3.
C) Decreased stability compared to a dyad
4.
D) Lack of communication between members
5.
Answer: A) Stability due to the third member
1.
Q: In the context of formal organizations, what is a trend that
has altered industrial organization and work practices?
1.
A) Increased reliance on bureaucracy
2.
B) Decentralization and flexibility
3.
C) Centralization and rigidity
4.
D) Emphasis on hierarchy
5.
Answer: B) Decentralization and flexibility
1.
Q: What does the term "bureaucratic incompetence"
refer to, according to the Peter principle?
1.
A) Consistent promotion of competent individuals
2.
B) Promotion to the level of incompetence
3.
C) Decentralization of decision-making
4.
D) Lack of hierarchy
5.
Answer: B) Promotion to the level of incompetence
Short Answer Questions:
1.
What is the core feature of social groups, and why do individuals desire it?
· Answer: Social groups are made up of individuals who interact and share
common interests. Individuals desire group membership for a sense of belonging.
2.
Differentiate between primary and secondary groups, providing examples for
each.
· Answer: Primary groups involve close-knit, enduring relationships, like
families and close friends. Secondary groups are formal, impersonal, and
goal-oriented, such as work teams or academic classes.
3.
According to Charles Horton Cooley, what is the significance of primary groups
in shaping an individual's social nature?
· Answer: Cooley emphasized that primary groups are fundamental in
shaping an individual's social nature and ideas.
4.
Define instrumental behavior in the context of secondary groups.
· Answer: Instrumental behavior in secondary groups involves individuals
engaging for purposes other than personal satisfaction, often characterized by
formal and brief interactions.
5.
How do primary groups contribute to individuals' emotional health?
· Answer: Primary groups, referred to as "springs of life" by
Cooley, contribute to emotional health by providing a sense of community, being
valued, and fostering face-to-face interactions.
6.
Provide examples of formal groups and informal groups.
· Answer: Formal groups have a set structure and goals, like a workplace
team. Informal groups form based on shared interests or social links, such as
friends with a common hobby.
7.
Explain the concept of a reference group and its role in decision-making.
· Answer: A reference group is a social group used as a point of
comparison when evaluating beliefs or actions. It influences decision-making
and behavior.
8.
What characterizes in-groups and out-groups in group dynamics?
· Answer: In-groups are groups to which one feels loyalty and belonging,
while out-groups are those to which one feels opposition or rivalry.
9.
According to Georg Simmel, what distinguishes a dyad from a triad in social
group dynamics?
· Answer: A dyad is a social group with two members, characterized by
intense interaction. A triad involves three members and is more stable due to
potential mediation.
10.
How does bureaucracy address the issue of impersonality in organizations? - Answer: Bureaucracies consider positions replaceable, focusing on the
role rather than the individual, leading to impersonality.
Long Answer
Questions:
1.
Discuss the functions of groups in shaping individual identity and social
interaction.
· Answer: Groups provide a sense of belonging, contribute to emotional
health, shape identity, and offer opportunities for interaction and
collaboration.
2.
Compare and contrast primary and secondary groups, highlighting their
characteristics and significance in societal contexts.
· Answer: Primary groups involve close relationships, while secondary
groups are formal and goal-oriented. Both play crucial roles in social life, with
primary groups influencing personal identity.
3.
Explore the dysfunctions of bureaucracy, including poor decision-making, red
tape, and bureaucratic alienation.
· Answer: Dysfunctions include poor decision-making, excessive red tape,
lack of communication between units, and bureaucratic alienation, where
employees feel like replaceable components.
4.
Analyze the impact of in-groups and out-groups on intergroup relations and
social identity.
· Answer: In-groups foster loyalty, while out-groups create opposition.
This dynamic influences social identity and can lead to conflicts and power
dynamics.
5.
Examine the characteristics of mass media organizations and their role in
shaping public opinion.
· Answer: Mass media organizations communicate with large, diverse
audiences, impacting public opinion. They operate as utilitarian organizations,
often with ideological purposes.
6.
Assess the present and future trends in formal organizations, considering
decentralization, flexibility, and the impact of technological changes.
· Answer: Current trends involve decentralization and flexibility. Future
trends may include smaller, more egalitarian groups and hybrid organizational
forms, responding to rapid technological changes.
Lesson no 9:
1.
What is culture?
· a) Genetic traits passed through
generations
· b) A group's collection of
beliefs, values, and traditions
· c) Biological instincts
· d) Random individual behaviors
Answer:
b) A group's collection of beliefs, values, and traditions
2.
What comprises material culture?
· a) Mental blueprints
· b) Art and architecture
· c) Lingo and beliefs
· d) Social interactions
Answer:
b) Art and architecture
3.
How do sociologists define high culture?
· a) Traits prevalent among the
general populace
· b) Cultural traits of a society's
elite
· c) Material possessions
· d) Biological traits
Answer:
b) Cultural traits of a society's elite
4.
What is the relationship between society and culture?
· a) Society is a subset of culture
· b) Culture is a subset of society
· c) They are unrelated concepts
· d) Interchangeable terms
Answer:
b) Culture is a subset of society
5.
According to sociobiology, what influences cultural production?
· a) Environmental factors
· b) Human biology
· c) Political ideologies
· d) Economic systems
Answer:
b) Human biology
6.
What are symbols in the context of culture?
· a) Elements with specific meanings
· b) Biological organisms
· c) Random patterns
· d) Physical possessions
Answer:
a) Elements with specific meanings
7.
What role does language play in cultural transmission?
· a) It enforces norms
· b) It preserves genetic
information
· c) It facilitates communication
and passes culture to the next generation
· d) It defines social class
Answer:
c) It facilitates communication and passes culture to the next generation
8.
What are values in the context of culture?
· a) Shared principles guiding
behavior
· b) Specific beliefs about
technology
· c) Random preferences
· d) Biological instincts
Answer:
a) Shared principles guiding behavior
9.
What is the purpose of norms in culture?
· a) To discourage cultural
diversity
· b) To guide proper conduct and
behavior
· c) To enforce laws
· d) To eliminate individualism
Answer:
b) To guide proper conduct and behavior
10.
What is the significance of mores in society? - a) They are essential social rules - b) They are
everyday behaviors - c) They are physical possessions - d) They are symbols
Answer:
a) They are essential social rules
11.
What is the primary function of laws in culture? - a) To enforce popular
culture - b) To codify mores and guide behavior - c) To promote individualism -
d) To discourage social interactions
Answer:
b) To codify mores and guide behavior
12.
Which type of norm covers etiquette and everyday behavior? - a) Mores - b) Taboos - c)
Folkways - d) Laws
Answer:
c) Folkways
13.
What are taboos in culture? - a) Everyday behaviors - b) Rules for proper conduct - c)
Actions considered unimaginable - d) Cultural symbols
Answer:
c) Actions considered unimaginable
14.
What are sanctions used for in culture? - a) To enforce laws - b) To promote individualism - c)
To reward or penalize behavior and promote conformity - d) To discourage
cultural transmission
Answer:
c) To reward or penalize behavior and promote conformity
15.
Which component of culture involves works of architecture and tangible objects? - a) Symbols - b) Nonmaterial
culture - c) Material culture - d) Values
Answer:
c) Material culture
16.
How does language contribute to human culture? - a) It promotes isolation -
b) It restricts communication - c) It enables communication and cultural
transmission - d) It enforces cultural norms
Answer:
c) It enables communication and cultural transmission
17.
What do symbols and language have in common? - a) They are interchangeable - b) They both enforce
laws - c) They facilitate communication and convey meaning - d) They discourage
cultural diversity
Answer:
c) They facilitate communication and convey meaning
18.
How do values differ across cultures? - a) They remain constant globally - b) They are
irrelevant in culture - c) They vary based on cultural criteria - d) They are
restricted to high culture
Answer:
c) They vary based on cultural criteria
19.
What does the term "folkways" refer to? - a) Essential social rules -
b) Everyday behaviors - c) Actions considered unimaginable - d) Written
guidelines
Answer:
b) Everyday behaviors
20.
How are taboos different from laws? - a) Taboos are written guidelines - b) Laws are
everyday behaviors - c) Taboos are rules that are deeply abhorrent - d) Laws
cover etiquette
Answer:
c) Taboos are rules that are deeply abhorrent
21.
Which concept refers to expectations guiding group members' behavior? - a) Values - b) Norms - c)
Symbols - d) Language
Answer:
b) Norms
22.
What are the consequences of violating mores? - a) Informal punishments - b) Everyday behaviors - c)
No consequences - d) Promotion of individualism
Answer:
a) Informal punishments
23.
What do laws and mores have in common? - a) They are unrelated concepts - b) Both are written
guidelines - c) Laws are a subset of mores - d) They are interchangeable
Answer:
c) Laws are a subset of mores
24.
What is the primary purpose of sanctions in culture? - a) To discourage conformity
- b) To promote cultural diversity - c) To enforce social norms - d) To
eliminate values
Answer:
c) To enforce social norms
25.
How do symbols contribute to culture shock when traveling internationally? - a) They eliminate culture
shock - b) They create cultural diversity - c) Lack of familiarity can make
individuals feel lost and alone - d) They promote individualism
Answer:
c) Lack of familiarity can make individuals feel lost and alone
26.
What is the term for informal expectations governing daily behavior?
· a) Mores
· b) Folkways
· c) Laws
· d) Taboos
Answer:
b) Folkways
27.
In sociobiology, what is the basis for the abundance of cultural universals?
· a) Environmental factors
· b) Human biology
· c) Political ideologies
· d) Economic systems
Answer:
b) Human biology
28.
How do sociologists define popular culture?
· a) Traits of a society's elite
· b) Traits prevalent among the
general populace
· c) Biological traits
· d) Material possessions
Answer:
b) Traits prevalent among the general populace
29.
What is the primary focus of lower-income countries' values?
· a) Individualism
· b) Family and religion
· c) High culture
· d) Popular culture
Answer:
b) Family and religion
30.
What distinguishes humans, according to Thompson and Hickey (2016)?
· a) Biological instincts
· b) Self-awareness, imagination,
and language
· c) High culture
· d) Cultural diversity
Answer:
b) Self-awareness, imagination, and language
31.
Which component of culture involves the mental blueprints that guide social
interaction?
· a) Symbols
· b) Language
· c) Values
· d) Norms
Answer:
d) Norms
32.
What does the term "high culture" refer to?
· a) Cultural traits prevalent among
the general populace
· b) Cultural traits of a society's
elite
· c) Biological traits
· d) Everyday behaviors
Answer:
b) Cultural traits of a society's elite
33.
What do values represent in culture?
· a) Specific beliefs about
technology
· b) Shared principles guiding
behavior
· c) Random preferences
· d) Material possessions
Answer:
b) Shared principles guiding behavior
34.
How do symbols contribute to cultural diversity?
· a) They eliminate diversity
· b) They promote conformity
· c) Different meanings may lead to
misunderstandings and conflicts
· d) They enforce laws
Answer:
c) Different meanings may lead to misunderstandings and conflicts
35.
What is the relationship between laws and mores?
· a) Unrelated concepts
· b) Laws are a subset of mores
· c) Both are interchangeable
· d) Mores are written guidelines
Answer:
b) Laws are a subset of mores
36.
What is the purpose of taboos in culture?
· a) Everyday behaviors
· b) To promote individualism
· c) To forbid unimaginable actions
· d) To codify mores
Answer:
c) To forbid unimaginable actions
37.
Which type of norm involves clear rewards or penalties and is deeply entwined
with moral values?
· a) Folkways
· b) Mores
· c) Laws
· d) Taboos
Answer:
b) Mores
38.
According to sociobiology, what does the abundance of cultural universals
reflect?
· a) Cultural diversity
· b) Genetic diversity
· c) Shared human biology
· d) Environmental factors
Answer:
c) Shared human biology
39.
What is the role of language in cultural transmission?
· a) It enforces laws
· b) It promotes cultural diversity
· c) It facilitates communication
and passes culture to the next generation
· d) It defines social class
Answer:
c) It facilitates communication and passes culture to the next generation
40.
How do material and nonmaterial cultures relate, according to Thompson and
Hickey (2016)?
· a) They are unrelated concepts
· b) Material culture is a subset of
nonmaterial culture
· c) They are intertwined and
connected
· d) Nonmaterial culture is a subset
of material culture
Answer:
c) They are intertwined and connected
41.
Which aspect of culture involves works of architecture and tangible objects?
· a) Symbols
· b) Nonmaterial culture
· c) Material culture
· d) Values
Answer:
c) Material culture
42.
How does culture give purpose to our lives, according to Thomson and Hickey
(2016)?
· a) By eliminating individualism
· b) By enforcing laws
· c) By explaining why we should get
out of bed every morning
· d) By promoting cultural diversity
Answer:
c) By explaining why we should get out of bed every morning
43.
What is the primary focus of popular culture?
· a) Traits of a society's elite
· b) Traits prevalent among the
general populace
· c) Biological traits
· d) Material possessions
Answer:
b) Traits prevalent among the general populace
44.
What is the primary focus of values in higher-income countries?
· a) Survival
· b) Family and religion
· c) Individualism and
self-expression
· d) Everyday behaviors
Answer:
c) Individualism and self-expression
45.
How do norms provide guidance in social situations?
· a) By discouraging conformity
· b) By eliminating cultural
diversity
· c) By providing guidelines for
proper conduct and behavior
· d) By promoting popular culture
Answer:
c) By providing guidelines for proper conduct and behavior
46.
What do sociologists mean by "society"?
· a) A generally autonomous human
group
· b) A structured system of values
and standards
· c) A system of beliefs and lingo
· d) A collection of material
possessions
Answer:
a) A generally autonomous human group
47.
How do symbols contribute to culture shock when traveling internationally?
· a) They eliminate culture shock
· b) They create cultural diversity
· c) Lack of familiarity can make
individuals feel lost and alone
· d) They promote individualism
Answer:
c) Lack of familiarity can make individuals feel lost and alone
48.
What does the term "nonmaterial culture" encompass?
· a) Works of architecture and
tangible objects
· b) Mental blueprints that guide
social interaction
· c) Cultural traits of a society's
elite
· d) Traits prevalent among the
general populace
Answer:
b) Mental blueprints that guide social interaction
49.
What does the concept of sociobiology focus on?
· a) Environmental factors
· b) Biological influences on
cultural production
· c) Political ideologies
· d) Economic systems
Answer:
b) Biological influences on cultural production
50.
How does language distinguish humans, according to Thompson and Hickey (2016)?
· a) By enforcing laws
· b) By promoting cultural diversity
· c) By facilitating communication
and allowing for cultural transmission
· d) By defining social class
Answer:
c) By facilitating communication and allowing for cultural transmission
Short
Questions:
1. What is culture?
· Answer: Culture is a group's collection of beliefs, values, traditions,
and material possessions.
2. Define material
culture.
· Answer: Material culture comprises tangible objects, such as
technology, art, architecture, and consumer items.
3. What are the mental
blueprints guiding social interaction called?
· Answer: Nonmaterial culture.
4. Explain the
relationship between society and culture.
· Answer: Society is a group of individuals sharing a culture, forming a
generally autonomous human group.
5. Differentiate
between high culture and popular culture.
· Answer: High culture refers to cultural traits of a society's elite,
while popular culture is prevalent among the general populace.
6. What does
sociobiology examine in relation to culture?
· Answer: Sociobiology explores how human biology influences the
production of culture.
7. What is the
significance of symbols in culture?
· Answer: Symbols are elements with specific meanings that convey
cultural beliefs and values.
8. How does language
contribute to cultural transmission?
· Answer: Language facilitates communication and the passing down of
culture from one generation to the next.
9. Define values in
the context of culture.
· Answer: Values are generally accepted norms for social behavior based
on culturally determined criteria for what is desirable.
10. What is the role of norms in guiding behavior?
· Answer: Norms are expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide
the behavior of group members.
11. What is the primary focus of lower-income countries'
values?
· Answer: Lower-income countries often prioritize values related to
financial and physical security.
12. Explain the concept of cultural shock.
· Answer: Culture shock is the feeling of disorientation and discomfort
when encountering a foreign culture.
13. How do symbols contribute to cultural diversity?
· Answer: Different interpretations of symbols may lead to
misunderstandings and conflicts, highlighting cultural diversity.
14. What distinguishes humans, according to Thompson and
Hickey (2016)?
· Answer: Humans are distinguished by self-awareness, imagination, and
language.
15. Define mores and provide an example.
· Answer: Mores are crucial social rules with moral importance. An
example is the prohibition against theft.
16. How are laws related to mores in culture?
· Answer: Important mores often find their way into laws, as laws codify
culturally determined norms.
17. What is the purpose of taboos in culture?
· Answer: Taboos forbid actions that are considered so abhorrent they are
unimaginable.
18. How do sociologists define popular culture?
· Answer: Popular culture refers to traits that are prevalent among the
general populace.
19. Explain the role of language in cultural transmission.
· Answer: Language facilitates passing culture from one generation to the
next, enabling the oral and written cultural tradition.
20. What are folkways, and give an example.
· Answer: Folkways are informal expectations governing daily behavior. An
example is etiquette or table manners.
21. How do material and nonmaterial cultures relate?
· Answer: Material and nonmaterial cultures are intertwined and
connected, as societies convey beliefs through both physical manifestations and
mental blueprints.
22. Define high culture.
· Answer: High culture refers to cultural traits that differentiate a
society's elite.
23. What role do values play in guiding members of the same
culture?
· Answer: Values are overarching principles that underpin the convictions
and particular notions guiding behavior.
24. Differentiate between symbols and language in culture.
· Answer: Symbols are elements with specific meanings, while language is
a system of symbols enabling communication.
25. What is the significance of sociobiology in understanding
culture?
· Answer: Sociobiology explores how human biology influences the
production and evolution of culture.
Long
Questions:
1. Discuss the
components of culture and how they contribute to shaping societies.
· Answer: Culture comprises various components such as symbols, language,
values, norms, and material culture. These components collectively shape
societies by influencing beliefs, behaviors, and interactions.
2. Examine the
relationship between society and culture, highlighting instances where the two
concepts overlap or diverge.
· Answer: Society and culture are interconnected, with society being a
group sharing a culture. However, distinctions exist, and throughout history,
societies have merged or absorbed others, blurring the boundaries.
3. Analyze the debate
on whether the foundation of culture is biological or social, considering
sociobiological perspectives.
· Answer: The sociobiological perspective suggests that human biology
influences cultural production, drawing on Charles Darwin's evolution idea. It
explores how genetic patterns and human biology contribute to the abundance of
cultural universals.
4. Discuss the
significance of symbols in culture, their diverse meanings, and the potential
for misunderstandings and conflicts.
· Answer: Symbols are vital in culture, conveying specific meanings.
However, diverse interpretations may lead to misunderstandings and conflicts,
emphasizing the importance of cultural understanding.
5. Examine the role of
language in cultural transmission, considering its historical development and
impact on the passing down of cultural knowledge.
· Answer: Language is crucial in cultural transmission, facilitating
communication and passing culture from one generation to the next. The oral and
written cultural tradition has played a vital role in preserving cultural
knowledge.
6. Explore the
concepts of high culture and popular culture, analyzing how social class
influences cultural preferences and how these concepts evolve over time.
· Answer: High culture and popular culture represent cultural traits
among elites and the general populace, respectively. Social class influences
preferences, but the distinction is not clear-cut, as preferences vary among
individuals.
7. Analyze the types
of norms, including folkways, mores, laws, and taboos, and their roles in
guiding behavior within social groups.
· Answer: Norms provide guidelines for proper conduct, with folkways
governing daily behavior, mores having moral importance, laws codifying norms,
and taboos forbidding unimaginable actions.
8. Discuss the impact
of cultural values, examining how they differ across various cultures and
influence societal priorities.
· Answer: Cultural values are shared norms for social behavior, varying
across cultures. Lower-income countries often prioritize survival, family, and
traditional values, while higher-income countries emphasize individualism and
self-expression.
9. Explore the concept
of culture shock, discussing its causes, manifestations, and potential
consequences, both for travelers and the cultures encountered.
· Answer: Culture shock is the disorientation and discomfort when
encountering a foreign culture. It can result from unfamiliar symbols, norms,
and behaviors, leading to feelings of isolation and confusion.
10. Examine the interconnectedness of material and
nonmaterial cultures, discussing how they shape societal norms, beliefs, and
behaviors.
· Answer: Material and nonmaterial cultures are intertwined, with symbols
and language conveying beliefs through both tangible objects and mental
blueprints. Together, they shape societal norms, beliefs, and behaviors.
Lesson no 10:
1. What is cultural
relativism?
· A. Comparing cultures
· B. Evaluating cultures based on
their own context
· C. Rejecting all cultural beliefs
· D. Ignoring cultural differences
Answer: B
2. Which of the
following is a factor contributing to culture shock?
· A. Uniform customs
· B. Familiar lifestyle
· C. Language barrier
· D. Similar communication styles
Answer: C
3. Who might
experience culture shock in a Pakistani context?
· A. Locals
· B. Tourists
· C. Both A and B
· D. None of the above
Answer: C
4. How can culture
shock be combated effectively?
· A. Avoiding new cultural
experiences
· B. Building a support network and
remaining close-minded
· C. Learning about the new culture
and remaining open-minded
· D. Ignoring cultural differences
Answer: C
5. What does cultural
diversity refer to?
· A. Existence of various cultural
beliefs within a society
· B. Uniformity of cultural
practices
· C. Rejection of cultural differences
· D. Lack of cultural variety
Answer: A
6. Which country is
used as an example of cultural diversity in the text?
· A. Canada
· B. Pakistan
· C. Australia
· D. France
Answer: B
7. What is a
subculture?
· A. Cultural practices that
distinguish a particular population group
· B. Dominant cultural norms
· C. Rejection of societal values
· D. Uniform cultural beliefs
Answer: A
8. Which term is used
for cultural groupings that oppose the values of the dominant culture?
· A. Subculture
· B. Counterculture
· C. Multiculture
· D. Cross-culture
Answer: B
9. What does ideal
culture represent?
· A. Actual values upheld by people
· B. Societal norms
· C. Principles and standards
considered ideal
· D. Countercultural practices
Answer: C
10. Real culture refers to:
· A. Societal norms
· B. Actual values upheld by people
· C. Countercultural practices
· D. Cultural relativism
Answer: B
11. How does cultural diversity contribute positively to a
society?
· A. By fostering intolerance
· B. By promoting uniformity
· C. By increasing creativity and
understanding
· D. By eliminating cultural
differences
Answer: C
12. Who might find it challenging to adopt cultural
relativism?
· A. Locals
· B. Tourists
· C. Both A and B
· D. None of the above
Answer: B
13. In which context is cultural relativism discussed in the
text?
· A. Pakistani context
· B. European context
· C. North American context
· D. Asian context
Answer: A
14. Which factor is not mentioned as a contributor to culture
shock in the text?
· A. Language barrier
· B. Differing customs and beliefs
· C. Uniform communication style
· D. Different lifestyle and food
Answer: C
15. What is the significance of understanding other cultures?
· A. Reinforcing cultural biases
· B. Reducing cultural diversity
· C. Fostering tolerance and
understanding
· D. Ignoring cultural differences
Answer: C
16. Who is likely to experience cultural shock?
· A. Someone avoiding new cultural
experiences
· B. Someone learning about the new
culture
· C. Someone with a closed mindset
· D. Someone exposed to a
significantly different culture
Answer: D
17. What term is used for deeply entrenched cultural
practices with moral significance?
· A. Subculture
· B. Counterculture
· C. Mores
· D. Folkways
Answer: C
18. Which country is not mentioned as an example of cultural
diversity in the text?
· A. Pakistan
· B. United States
· C. Germany
· D. India
Answer: C
19. What is the primary purpose of cultural relativism?
· A. To compare cultures
· B. To evaluate cultures in their
own context
· C. To ignore cultural differences
· D. To impose one's culture on
others
Answer: B
20. How can culture shock be mitigated?
· A. By avoiding cultural
differences
· B. By building a support network
and learning about the new culture
· C. By rejecting new cultural
experiences
· D. By maintaining a closed mindset
Answer: B
21. Which term is used for cultural practices that resist or
oppose dominant values?
· A. Subculture
· B. Counterculture
· C. Folkways
· D. Mores
Answer: B
22. What is the advantage of cultural diversity in fostering
creativity?
· A. Reducing cultural differences
· B. Promoting uniformity
· C. Exposing individuals to
different perspectives
· D. Rejecting cultural practices
Answer: C
23. What is the main challenge associated with adopting
cultural relativism?
· A. Flexibility to let go of
cultural norms
· B. Maintaining cultural biases
· C. Rejecting all cultural beliefs
· D. Avoiding cultural diversity
Answer: A
24. Which term is used for cultural practices that govern
daily behavior?
· A. Counterculture
· B. Folkways
· C. Mores
· D. Laws
Answer: B
25. How does cultural diversity contribute to a rich cultural
history?
· A. By promoting uniformity
· B. By fostering intolerance
· C. By eliminating cultural
differences
· D. By including various ethnic,
linguistic, and religious groupings
Answer: D
26. What is the primary effect of culture shock?
· A. Reinforcing cultural biases
· B. Fostering intolerance
· C. Positive emotions
· D. Negative emotions such as
anxiety and confusion
Answer: D
27. Which of the following is not an example of cultural
diversity in Pakistan?
· A. Punjabi
· B. Uniformity
· C. Sindhi
· D. Pashtun
Answer: B
28. What is the key to combat culture shock effectively?
· A. Avoiding cultural differences
· B. Building a support network and
learning about the new culture
· C. Rejecting new cultural
experiences
· D. Maintaining a closed mindset
Answer: B
29. Who might question the morality of comparing cultures
based on their "quality of life"?
· A. Robert Edgerton
· B. Thompson and Hickey
· C. Henslin
· D. The author of the essay
Answer: A
30. What is the challenge faced by tourists in adopting
cultural relativism?
· A. Receptiveness to different
values and conventions
· B. Avoidance of cultural
differences
· C. Flexibility to maintain
cultural biases
· D. Closing off to new cultural
experiences
Answer: A
31. Which term is used for deeply held beliefs about what is
good or bad?
· A. Folkways
· B. Mores
· C. Counterculture
· D. Subculture
Answer: B
32. What can be a consequence of not adopting cultural
relativism when confronted with a strange cultural practice?
· A. Positive reinforcement of
cultural biases
· B. Building a strong support
network
· C. Negative judgment without
understanding
· D. Elimination of cultural
differences
Answer: C
33. Which term refers to practices that are considered
essential to societal functioning?
· A. Folkways
· B. Mores
· C. Counterculture
· D. Subculture
Answer: B
34. What is the main advantage of cultural diversity in
fostering tolerance and understanding?
· A. Elimination of cultural
differences
· B. Promotion of uniformity
· C. Exposure to different
perspectives
· D. Fostering intolerance
Answer: C
35. What is the role of cultural relativism in avoiding
passing judgment on a strange cultural practice?
· A. Reinforcing cultural biases
· B. Imposing one's culture on
others
· C. Shifting the lens to respect
other people's perspectives
· D. Avoiding cultural diversity
Answer: C
36. Which term is used for practices that are considered less
essential to societal functioning?
· A. Folkways
· B. Mores
· C. Counterculture
· D. Subculture
Answer: A
37. What is the primary focus of cultural relativism in
understanding other cultures?
· A. Imposing one's culture on
others
· B. Shifting the lens to respect
other people's perspectives
· C. Avoiding cultural diversity
· D. Rejecting all cultural beliefs
Answer: B
38. What is the main purpose of the scale proposed by Robert
Edgerton in "Sick Societies"?
· A. Comparing cultures based on
economic criteria
· B. Ranking cultures according to
their "quality of life"
· C. Eliminating cultural diversity
· D. Promoting cultural biases
Answer: B
39. Which term refers to cultural practices that enhance
societal functioning?
· A. Folkways
· B. Mores
· C. Counterculture
· D. Subculture
Answer: B
40. How does cultural relativism contribute to gaining a
greater understanding of ourselves?
· A. By imposing our culture on
others
· B. By avoiding cultural diversity
· C. By shifting the lens to respect
other people's perspectives
· D. By rejecting all cultural
beliefs
Answer: C
41. What is the key challenge faced by tourists in adopting
cultural relativism?
· A. Avoidance of cultural
differences
· B. Flexibility to let go of
cultural norms
· C. Building a strong support
network
· D. Closing off to new cultural
experiences
Answer: B
42. What is the primary challenge faced by individuals in
adopting cultural relativism?
· A. Avoidance of cultural
differences
· B. Flexibility to let go of
cultural norms
· C. Building a strong support
network
· D. Closing off to new cultural
experiences
Answer: B
43. Which term is used for cultural practices that are
considered customary but not morally significant?
· A. Folkways
· B. Mores
· C. Counterculture
· D. Subculture
Answer: A
44. What is the main focus of cultural relativism in
understanding different cultures?
· A. Imposing one's culture on
others
· B. Shifting the lens to respect
other people's perspectives
· C. Avoiding cultural diversity
· D. Rejecting all cultural beliefs
Answer: B
45. What is the primary advantage of cultural diversity in
fostering creativity?
· A. Reducing cultural differences
· B. Promoting uniformity
· C. Exposing individuals to
different perspectives
· D. Rejecting cultural practices
Answer: C
46. Who challenges the morality of comparing cultures based
on their "quality of life" in the text?
· A. Robert Edgerton
· B. Thompson and Hickey
· C. Henslin
· D. The author of the essay
Answer: A
47. What is the main challenge faced by individuals in
adopting cultural relativism?
· A. Avoidance of cultural
differences
· B. Flexibility to let go of
cultural norms
· C. Building a strong support
network
· D. Closing off to new cultural
experiences
Answer: B
48. Which term is used for cultural practices that govern
daily behavior?
· A. Counterculture
· B. Folkways
· C. Mores
· D. Laws
Answer: B
49. How does cultural diversity contribute to a rich cultural
history?
· A. By promoting uniformity
· B. By fostering intolerance
· C. By eliminating cultural
differences
· D. By including various ethnic,
linguistic, and religious groupings
Answer: D
50. What is the primary effect of culture shock?
· A. Reinforcing cultural biases
· B. Fostering intolerance
· C. Positive emotions
· D. Negative emotions such as
anxiety and confusion
Answer: D
Short
Answer Questions:
1. Define cultural
relativism and explain its significance.
· Answer: Cultural relativism is the
viewpoint that cultural beliefs, values, and practices should be evaluated
within the context of their own culture rather than in comparison to those of
other cultures. Its significance lies in promoting understanding and avoiding
ethnocentrism.
2. What is culture
shock, and what are some factors contributing to it?
· Answer: Culture shock is the
uncertainty and disorientation experienced when exposed to a significantly
different culture. Factors include language barriers, differing customs,
beliefs, food, lifestyle, and communication styles.
3. How can culture
shock be effectively combated?
· Answer: Culture shock can be
combated by building a support network, remaining open-minded, maintaining a positive
outlook, and learning about the new culture.
4. Explain the concept
of cultural diversity and provide an example from the Pakistani context.
· Answer: Cultural diversity refers
to the existence of various cultural beliefs, values, and practices within a
society. In Pakistan, this diversity is evident in ethnic groups like Punjabi,
Sindhi, Pashtun, and Balochi.
5. Differentiate
between subcultures and countercultures.
· Answer: Subcultures are cultural
practices that distinguish a particular population group, while countercultures
oppose the values of the dominant culture.
6. What is ideal
culture, and how does it differ from real culture?
· Answer: Ideal culture represents
the principles and standards a group sees as ideal, while real culture refers
to the rules and values people genuinely uphold, often showing discrepancies.
7. Discuss the
challenges faced by tourists in adopting cultural relativism.
· Answer: Tourists find it
challenging to adopt cultural relativism as it requires receptiveness to
different values, conventions, and the flexibility to let go of familiar
cultural norms.
8. How does cultural
diversity contribute to fostering tolerance and understanding?
· Answer: Cultural diversity fosters
tolerance and understanding by exposing individuals to different perspectives,
promoting acceptance, and reducing prejudice.
9. Provide an example
of a counterculture and explain its distinguishing features.
· Answer: Motorcycle gangs like
Hell's Angels are an example of counterculture, characterized by values
opposing societal norms, including disdain for labor and education.
10. Define the term "culture shock" and discuss its
effects on individuals.
· Answer: Culture shock is the
uncertainty and disorientation experienced when exposed to a significantly
different culture. Effects include anxiety, homesickness, confusion, and
negative emotions.
11. How can one engage in cultural relativism, and why is it
challenging?
· Answer: Engaging in cultural
relativism involves attempting to comprehend each culture on its own terms, but
it is challenging due to the strong ingrained nature of one's own culture.
12. Explain the role of cultural diversity in fostering
creativity and innovation.
· Answer: Cultural diversity fosters
creativity and innovation by exposing individuals to different ideas,
perspectives, and approaches, contributing to a rich cultural history.
13. What is the purpose of adopting cultural relativism, and
why has it faced criticism?
· Answer: The purpose is to
understand and respect other cultures without judgment. Criticism arises as it
prevents complacency about one's own culture.
14. Discuss the concept of ideal culture and provide an
example from a specific cultural context.
· Answer: Ideal culture represents
the principles and standards considered ideal. In the U.S., it includes values
such as hard work, academic achievement, and material success.
15. How do subcultures contribute to societal diversity, and
what are potential challenges they may face?
· Answer: Subcultures contribute to
diversity by offering unique worldviews, but challenges may include cultural
differences leading to conflict, as seen in the former Yugoslavia.
16. What are the advantages and difficulties associated with
cultural diversity in Pakistan?
· Answer: Advantages include
fostering tolerance, increasing creativity, and providing a rich cultural
history. Difficulties include cultural disputes, linguistic obstacles, and
economic inequality.
17. Discuss the concept of real culture and provide an
example illustrating the difference between ideal and real culture.
· Answer: Real culture refers to the
rules and values people genuinely uphold. An example is the disparity between
the ideal of hard work and the actual effort put into studying.
18. How does cultural relativism contribute to gaining a
greater understanding of oneself?
· Answer: Cultural relativism
contributes by shifting the lens to respect other people's perspectives,
avoiding the imposition of one's own culture on others.
19. Explain the concept of counterculture and provide an
example from contemporary society.
· Answer: Counterculture opposes
dominant values. An example is subcultures like motorcycle gangs with values
opposing societal norms.
20. What challenges might individuals face in adopting
cultural relativism, and how can they overcome them?
· Answer: Challenges include letting
go of cultural norms. Overcoming them involves building a support network and
being receptive to different values and conventions.
21. Define the term "cultural diversity" and
discuss its positive contributions to society.
· Answer: Cultural diversity is the
existence of various cultural beliefs within a society. Positive contributions
include fostering tolerance, creativity, and providing a rich cultural history.
22. Explain the impact of cultural diversity on societal
harmony and potential sources of conflict.
· Answer: Cultural diversity can
enhance harmony by promoting understanding. Potential sources of conflict
include disputes, linguistic barriers, and economic inequality.
23. How can individuals avoid passing judgment on a strange
cultural practice?
· Answer: Avoiding judgment involves
holding off until understanding the culture and considering how others might
view one's own way of life.
24. Discuss the challenges faced by students studying abroad
in the context of culture shock.
· Answer: Challenges include language
barriers, differing customs, and lifestyle, leading to anxiety, homesickness,
and confusion.
25. What is the significance of adopting cultural relativism
in an increasingly interconnected world?
· Answer: In an interconnected
world, adopting cultural relativism is significant for fostering global
understanding, reducing prejudice, and promoting peaceful coexistence.
Long
Answer Questions:
1. Explore the concept
of cultural relativism and its role in promoting cultural understanding.
Discuss potential challenges in adopting a relativistic perspective.
· Answer: Cultural relativism
emphasizes evaluating cultural beliefs, values, and practices within their own
context. It promotes cultural understanding by avoiding ethnocentrism. Challenges
include overcoming ingrained biases and understanding deeply rooted cultural
practices.
2. Examine the effects
of culture shock on individuals, drawing on examples from different cultural
contexts. Discuss strategies for overcoming culture shock.
· Answer: Culture shock results in
uncertainty and disorientation. Examples can be drawn from individuals
experiencing shock when exposed to significantly different cultures. Strategies
include building a support network, remaining open-minded, and learning about
the new culture.
3. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity in a globalized world.
Provide examples to illustrate both positive and negative aspects.
· Answer: Advantages of cultural
diversity include fostering tolerance, creativity, and providing a rich
cultural history. Disadvantages may include cultural disputes, linguistic
obstacles, and economic inequality. Examples can be drawn from societies
embracing or struggling with diversity.
4. Explore the concept
of subcultures and their impact on societal dynamics. Provide examples to
illustrate how subcultures contribute to diversity and potential challenges
they may face.
· Answer: Subcultures contribute to
diversity by offering unique worldviews. Examples include professional
subcultures. Challenges may arise from cultural differences leading to
conflicts, as seen in the former Yugoslavia.
5. Analyze the role of
cultural relativism in cross-cultural interactions. Discuss how embracing
cultural relativism can contribute to positive global relations and
understanding.
· Answer: Cultural relativism in
cross-cultural interactions involves understanding and respecting other
cultures without judgment. Embracing it contributes to positive global
relations by fostering mutual understanding and reducing cultural biases.
6. Discuss the impact
of ideal and real culture on societal norms and values. Provide examples to
illustrate the disparities between what is idealized and what is actually
practiced.
· Answer: Ideal culture represents
principles considered ideal, while real culture reflects actual values upheld.
Disparities can be seen in the ideal of hard work versus actual effort put into
studying, illustrating the influence on societal norms.
7. Explore the
challenges faced by tourists in adopting cultural relativism, focusing on the
cultural flexibility required and the potential benefits of embracing diverse
perspectives.
· Answer: Tourists face challenges
in adopting cultural relativism, requiring cultural flexibility and letting go
of familiar norms. Embracing diverse perspectives benefits by enriching travel
experiences and fostering global understanding.
8. Discuss the impact
of cultural diversity on creativity and innovation within societies. Provide
examples to illustrate how exposure to different cultural perspectives enhances
creative thinking.
· Answer: Cultural diversity fosters
creativity and innovation by exposing individuals to diverse perspectives.
Examples can be drawn from societies where diverse cultural influences
contribute to creative thinking and problem-solving.
9. Examine the role of
counterculture in challenging dominant societal values. Provide examples of
countercultural movements and discuss how they shape societal dynamics.
· Answer: Counterculture challenges
dominant values. Examples include movements opposing societal norms. These
movements shape societal dynamics by questioning and sometimes reshaping
prevailing cultural values.
10. Discuss the challenges faced by students studying abroad
in the context of culture shock. Explore the strategies that can be employed to
help students adapt and thrive in a new cultural environment.
· Answer: Challenges faced by
students studying abroad include language barriers, differing customs, and
lifestyle, leading to anxiety and confusion. Strategies involve building a
support network, remaining open-minded, and learning about the new culture to
facilitate adaptation and well-being.
Lesson no 11:
1. What did George Murdock explore to identify
cultural universals?
· A) Food preferences
· B) Courting and marriage
· C) Technology advancements
· D) Political ideologies
· Answer: B) Courting and
marriage
2. According to William Ogburn, what changes
more quickly in culture?
· A) Nonmaterial culture
· B) Technology
· C) Folk culture
· D) Social institutions
· Answer: B) Technology
3. What term did William Ogburn use to describe
the inconsistency in the rate of cultural change?
· A) Cultural Diversity
· B) Cultural Lag
· C) Cultural Integration
· D) Cultural Universals
· Answer: B) Cultural Lag
4. Which cultural aspect often lags behind in
transformation according to Ogburn's theory?
· A) Material culture
· B) Folk culture
· C) Popular culture
· D) Nonmaterial culture
· Answer: D) Nonmaterial culture
5. What are the three main categories of
"taste cultures" according to Herbert Gans?
· A) Elite, Folk, Popular
· B) High, Low, Middle
· C) High, Folk, Popular
· D) Upper, Middle, Lower
· Answer: C) High, Folk, Popular
6. What is an example of a component of high
culture mentioned in the text?
· A) Tractor-pulling competitions
· B) Classical music
· C) Mud wrestling
· D) Mall Santa
· Answer: B) Classical music
7. Which category of culture encompasses impulsive,
familiar, and useful creations by common people?
· A) High Culture
· B) Folk Culture
· C) Popular Culture
· D) Elite Culture
· Answer: B) Folk Culture
8. What is the primary characteristic of items
in popular culture?
· A) High sophistication
· B) Low accessibility
· C) Mass consumption
· D) Limited production
· Answer: C) Mass consumption
9. According to Thompson and Hickey, what is
included in popular culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Tractor-pulling competitions
· C) Political graffiti
· D) Ballet
· Answer: C) Political graffiti
10. What does the concept of "cultural integration"
refer to?
· A) Separation of cultural elements
· B) Intimate ties between diverse
cultural components
· C) Preservation of cultural
traditions
· D) Rapid cultural change
· Answer: B) Intimate ties
between diverse cultural components
11. Who used the term "cultural lag" to describe
the inconsistency in the rate of cultural change?
· A) George Murdock
· B) William Ogburn
· C) Herbert Gans
· D) Karl Marx
· Answer: B) William Ogburn
12. What is the significance of the family in cultural
universals?
· A) Regulates sexual reproduction
and upbringing of offspring
· B) Defines social hierarchy
· C) Determines political ideologies
· D) Shapes technological
advancements
· Answer: A) Regulates sexual
reproduction and upbringing of offspring
13. Which aspect of culture is often forced to catch up with
rapid technological advancements?
· A) Folk culture
· B) High culture
· C) Nonmaterial culture
· D) Material culture
· Answer: C) Nonmaterial culture
14. According to Herbert Gans, what requires extensive
education, technical know-how, and ample resources?
· A) Folk culture
· B) Popular culture
· C) High culture
· D) Elite culture
· Answer: C) High culture
15. What is an example of an impulsive and familiar creation
by common people in folk culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Quilting
· C) Tractor-pulling competitions
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Quilting
16. What does popular culture include, according to Bogart?
· A) Elite creations
· B) Items for mass consumption
· C) Political graffiti
· D) Highbrow genres
· Answer: B) Items for mass consumption
17. What is the primary characteristic of items in high
culture?
· A) Mass consumption
· B) Familiar and useful
· C) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: C) Exceptional
abilities and creative qualities
18. Which cultural element is a tool for releasing social
tensions, according to Henslin?
· A) Technology
· B) Humor
· C) Tractor-pulling competitions
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Humor
19. What does the phrase "cultural lag"
specifically refer to?
· A) Consistency in cultural change
· B) Inconsistency in the rate of
cultural change
· C) Preservation of cultural
traditions
· D) Rapid cultural integration
· Answer: B) Inconsistency in the
rate of cultural change
20. Who found dozens of cultural universals by contrasting
hundreds of cultures?
· A) Karl Marx
· B) George Murdock
· C) William Ogburn
· D) Herbert Gans
· Answer: B) George Murdock
21. Which cultural aspect typically lags behind when
undergoing transformation, according to Ogburn?
· A) Material culture
· B) Folk culture
· C) Nonmaterial culture
· D) High culture
· Answer: C) Nonmaterial culture
22. What is an example of an item considered part of popular
culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Mud wrestling
· C) Ballet
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Mud wrestling
23. What do aesthetic gatekeepers, according to Shrum, do in
relation to artistic diversity?
· A) Limit artistic diversity
· B) Promote artistic diversity
· C) Preserve folk culture
· D) Reject popular culture
· Answer: A) Limit artistic
diversity
24. According to Susan Phillips, what are the categories of
graffiti in her book "Wallbangin'"?
· A) Elite graffiti, Folk graffiti,
Popular graffiti
· B) Political graffiti, High
culture graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
· C) Gang graffiti, Political
graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
· D) Subway graffiti, Political
graffiti, Elite graffiti
· Answer: C) Gang graffiti,
Political graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
25. What is the primary characteristic of items in folk
culture, according to Real?
· A) Familiar and useful
· B) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· C) Items for mass consumption
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: A) Familiar and useful
26. What is the significance of humor as a cultural
universal?
· A) Creates cultural disputes
· B) Fosters creativity
· C) Releases social tensions
· D) Preserves cultural traditions
· Answer: C) Releases social
tensions
27. What is the primary characteristic of items in folk
culture, according to Real?
· A) Familiar and useful
· B) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· C) Items for mass consumption
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: A) Familiar and useful
28. What is an example of an item considered part of popular
culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Mud wrestling
· C) Ballet
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Mud wrestling
29. What is the primary characteristic of items in high
culture?
· A) Mass consumption
· B) Familiar and useful
· C) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: C) Exceptional
abilities and creative qualities
30. Which cultural element is a tool for releasing social
tensions, according to Henslin?
· A) Technology
· B) Humor
· C) Tractor-pulling competitions
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Humor
31. What does the phrase "cultural lag"
specifically refer to?
· A) Consistency in cultural change
· B) Inconsistency in the rate of
cultural change
· C) Preservation of cultural
traditions
· D) Rapid cultural integration
· Answer: B) Inconsistency in the
rate of cultural change
32. Who found dozens of cultural universals by contrasting
hundreds of cultures?
· A) Karl Marx
· B) George Murdock
· C) William Ogburn
· D) Herbert Gans
· Answer: B) George Murdock
33. Which cultural aspect typically lags behind when
undergoing transformation, according to Ogburn?
· A) Material culture
· B) Folk culture
· C) Nonmaterial culture
· D) High culture
· Answer: C) Nonmaterial culture
34. What is an example of an item considered part of popular
culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Mud wrestling
· C) Ballet
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Mud wrestling
35. What do aesthetic gatekeepers, according to Shrum, do in
relation to artistic diversity?
· A) Limit artistic diversity
· B) Promote artistic diversity
· C) Preserve folk culture
· D) Reject popular culture
· Answer: A) Limit artistic
diversity
36. According to Susan Phillips, what are the categories of
graffiti in her book "Wallbangin'"?
· A) Elite graffiti, Folk graffiti,
Popular graffiti
· B) Political graffiti, High
culture graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
· C) Gang graffiti, Political
graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
· D) Subway graffiti, Political
graffiti, Elite graffiti
· Answer: C) Gang graffiti,
Political graffiti, Hip-hop graffiti
37. What is the primary characteristic of items in folk
culture, according to Real?
· A) Familiar and useful
· B) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· C) Items for mass consumption
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: A) Familiar and useful
38. What is the significance of humor as a cultural
universal?
· A) Creates cultural disputes
· B) Fosters creativity
· C) Releases social tensions
· D) Preserves cultural traditions
· Answer: C) Releases social
tensions
39. What is the primary characteristic of items in folk
culture, according to Real?
· A) Familiar and useful
· B) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· C) Items for mass consumption
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: A) Familiar and useful
40. What is an example of an item considered part of popular
culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Mud wrestling
· C) Ballet
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Mud wrestling
41. What is the primary characteristic of items in high
culture?
· A) Mass consumption
· B) Familiar and useful
· C) Exceptional abilities and
creative qualities
· D) Low accessibility
· Answer: C) Exceptional
abilities and creative qualities
42. Which cultural element is a tool for releasing social
tensions, according to Henslin?
· A) Technology
· B) Humor
· C) Tractor-pulling competitions
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Humor
43. What does the phrase "cultural lag"
specifically refer to?
· A) Consistency in cultural change
· B) Inconsistency in the rate of
cultural change
· C) Preservation of cultural
traditions
· D) Rapid cultural integration
· Answer: B) Inconsistency in the
rate of cultural change
44. Who found dozens of cultural universals by contrasting
hundreds of cultures?
· A) Karl Marx
· B) George Murdock
· C) William Ogburn
· D) Herbert Gans
· Answer: B) George Murdock
45. Which cultural aspect typically lags behind when
undergoing transformation, according to Ogburn?
· A) Material culture
· B) Folk culture
· C) Nonmaterial culture
· D) High culture
· Answer: C) Nonmaterial culture
46. What is an example of an item considered part of popular
culture?
· A) Classical music
· B) Mud wrestling
· C) Ballet
· D) Opera
· Answer: B) Mud wrestling
47. What do aesthetic gatekeepers, according to Shrum, do in
relation to artistic diversity?
· A) Limit artistic diversity
· B) Promote artistic diversity
· C) Preserve folk culture
· D) Reject popular culture
· Answer: A) Limit artistic
diversity
Short
Answer Questions:
1. Define cultural
universals.
· Answer: Cultural universals are values, rules, or other cultural
qualities that are present throughout the diversity of human cultures
worldwide.
2. Who conducted
research in 1945 to identify cultural universals, and what did he find?
· Answer: George Murdock conducted research and found that while
different ethnic groups have unique practices, all societies engage in common
behaviors such as courting, marriage, funerals, games, legislation, music,
taboos against incest, and potty training.
3. What is cultural
lag, and who coined this term?
· Answer: Cultural lag is the inconsistency in the rate of change
between material and nonmaterial culture. The term was coined by William
Ogburn.
4. Provide an example
of cultural lag in today's society.
· Answer: An example of cultural lag is the rapid advancement of
technology (material culture) outpacing changes in societal norms and values
(nonmaterial culture).
5. What are the three
taste cultures identified by Herbert Gans in the 20th century?
· Answer: The three taste cultures identified by Herbert Gans are
high culture, folk culture, and popular culture.
6. Describe high
culture and provide an example.
· Answer: High culture encompasses tastes and creations promoted
by the upper classes and intelligentsia. An example is classical music, opera,
ballet, and works by recognized artists.
7. What characterizes
folk culture, and give an example.
· Answer: Folk culture includes the creations of working-class and
minority group members. An example is graffiti, such as hip-hop graffiti.
8. What defines
popular culture, and provide examples.
· Answer: Popular culture includes items appealing to the
population at large. Examples include prime-time television, live performances,
sports events, and mass-consumed products.
9. What is cultural
change, and how does it relate to cultural integration?
· Answer: Cultural change is the alteration of various cultural
aspects. Cultural integration is the intimate ties between different components
of a cultural system, showing how changes in one aspect often lead to changes
in others.
10. What does the term "All things shall pass"
teach us about human history?
· Answer: The term teaches us that cultural change is inevitable
as long as humans exist, and when one aspect of culture changes, others often
follow.
Long
Answer Questions:
1. Explain the concept
of cultural universals and provide examples to illustrate your explanation.
· Answer: Cultural universals are values, rules, or cultural
qualities present across diverse human cultures. Examples include family
structures, funeral customs, and the use of humor.
2. Discuss the
findings of George Murdock's research on cultural universals. How did he
approach the study, and what were the key outcomes?
· Answer: George Murdock examined hundreds of cultures worldwide,
identifying common behaviors like courting, marriage, funerals, games,
legislation, music, taboos against incest, and potty training. The key outcome
was the recognition of cultural universals shared by all societies.
3. Define cultural lag
according to William Ogburn. Provide examples to illustrate the concept in
contemporary society.
· Answer: Cultural lag is the inconsistency between the rapid
change in material culture and the slower change in nonmaterial culture. An
example is technology advancing faster than societal norms, such as the use of
medical diagnosis software.
4. Explore the three
taste cultures identified by Herbert Gans. Discuss the characteristics of high
culture, folk culture, and popular culture, providing examples for each.
· Answer: High culture involves sophisticated tastes like
classical music and ballet. Folk culture includes creations of common people
like graffiti. Popular culture appeals to the masses, including television and
sports events.
5. Examine the concept
of cultural change and its relationship with cultural integration. Provide
examples to illustrate how changes in one aspect of culture can influence
others.
· Answer: Cultural change is the alteration of cultural aspects.
Cultural integration shows the ties between different components, indicating
that changes in one aspect often lead to changes in others. For example,
women's increased employment influences marriage age and divorce rates.
6. Discuss the
challenges and benefits of cultural diversity in a society using the context of
Pakistan.
· Answer: Cultural diversity in Pakistan involves various ethnic,
linguistic, and religious groups. Benefits include fostering tolerance and
understanding, increasing creativity, and providing a rich cultural history.
Challenges include cultural disputes, linguistic barriers, and economic
inequality.
7. Explain the
concepts of subcultures and countercultures. Provide examples to illustrate the
difference between the two.
· Answer: Subcultures are practices that distinguish a population
group within society, like professions. Countercultures oppose dominant
culture, such as motorcycle gangs. The difference lies in their alignment with
or opposition to societal values.
8. Define cultural
shock and discuss its effects on individuals experiencing it. What strategies
can individuals employ to cope with culture shock?
· Answer: Cultural shock is the uncertainty and disorientation
when exposed to a significantly different culture. Effects include anxiety,
homesickness, and confusion. Coping strategies involve building a support
network, remaining open-minded, having a positive outlook, and learning about
the new culture.
9. Examine the concept
of cultural relativism. How does it encourage understanding, and what
criticisms has it faced?
· Answer: Cultural relativism involves evaluating cultural beliefs
in their own context. It encourages understanding by avoiding the imposition of
one's own cultural standards. Criticisms include difficulty in adopting it due
to ingrained cultural biases.
10. Explore the idea of ideal culture versus real culture.
Provide examples to illustrate the discrepancies between what a culture
idealizes and what individuals genuinely uphold.
· Answer: Ideal culture refers to a group's principles and goals,
while real culture is what people genuinely uphold. Discrepancies include
societal emphasis on success while individuals may not study as hard or achieve
as much as idealized.
Lesson no 12:
Multiple-Choice
Questions:
1. What is
socialization?
· a. Biological instinct
· b. Cultural experiences
· c. Genetic predisposition
· d. Inherited traits
· Answer: b. Cultural
experiences
2. According to
sociologists, what helps individuals reach their full potential and acquire
cultural knowledge?
· a. Genetics
· b. Instinct
· c. Socialization
· d. Isolation
· Answer: c. Socialization
3. What is the
foundation of personality, according to the lesson?
· a. Genetics
· b. Nature
· c. Social experience
· d. Isolation
· Answer: c. Social
experience
4. Feral children are
those who:
· a. Grow up in isolation
· b. Are raised by animals
· c. Experience severe socialization
· d. Have a strong genetic
predisposition
· Answer: b. Are raised by
animals
5. What does the term
"isolated children" refer to in the context of the lesson?
· a. Children with genetic disorders
· b. Children raised in dark rooms
· c. Children raised by animals
· d. Children in severe social
isolation
· Answer: d. Children in
severe social isolation
6. In the nature vs.
nurture debate, nature refers to:
· a. Biological influences
· b. Cultural influences
· c. Social experiences
· d. Environmental factors
· Answer: a. Biological
influences
7. According to
Charles Darwin's study on evolution, what was misunderstood by some about human
behavior?
· a. Human behavior is instinctive
· b. Human behavior is solely
cultural
· c. Human behavior is unrelated to
biology
· d. Human behavior is determined by
genetics
· Answer: a. Human behavior
is instinctive
8. Which psychologist
proposed behaviorism and emphasized the role of nurture in shaping behavior?
· a. Sigmund Freud
· b. B.F. Skinner
· c. Jean Piaget
· d. Erik Erikson
· Answer: b. B.F. Skinner
9. What is primary
socialization?
· a. Socialization that occurs in
adulthood
· b. Socialization within the family
during childhood
· c. Socialization in school
· d. Socialization in the workplace
· Answer: b. Socialization
within the family during childhood
10. Secondary socialization typically takes place:
· a. Within the family
· b. During childhood
· c. Apart from the family
· d. In isolation
· Answer: c. Apart from the
family
11. What does socialization contribute to, according to the
lesson?
· a. Genetic disorders
· b. Social injustice
· c. Prejudice and discrimination
· d. All of the above
· Answer: c. Prejudice and discrimination
12. The self and emotions are essential in the process of
making individuals:
· a. Rebels
· b. Obedient members of society
· c. Isolated
· d. Feral
· Answer: b. Obedient members
of society
13. What is one example given in the lesson that reflects
social control through socialization?
· a. Running naked down the street
· b. Eating raw meat
· c. Expressing extreme rage
· d. Feeling ashamed of running
naked
· Answer: d. Feeling ashamed
of running naked
14. According to the lesson, what is developed through
interaction with others during socialization?
· a. Genetic traits
· b. Cultural instincts
· c. Ability to think, reason, and
feel
· d. Inherited predispositions
· Answer: c. Ability to
think, reason, and feel
15. What do sociologists mean by "society within
us"?
· a. Genetic influences
· b. Cultural diversity
· c. The impact of society on the
individual
· d. Nature vs. nurture debate
· Answer: c. The impact of
society on the individual
1.
What is the term used by sociologists to describe the early
stages of socialization that usually take place during childhood and within the
family?
1.
a. Secondary socialization
2.
b. Tertiary socialization
3.
c. Primary socialization
4.
d. Advanced socialization
5.
Answer: c. Primary socialization
1.
Which factor has an increasing impact on secondary
socialization, as mentioned in the lesson?
1.
a. Family traditions
2.
b. Religious practices
3.
c. Exposure to technology and international media
4.
d. Genetic predisposition
5.
Answer: c. Exposure to technology and international media
1.
How does socialization influence our sense of self, attitudes,
and behaviors?
1.
a. Genetic determinism
2.
b. Through biological factors
3.
c. By internalizing cultural norms
4.
d. Isolation from society
5.
Answer: c. By internalizing cultural norms
1.
In the nature vs. nurture debate, what is emphasized by
behaviorism?
1.
a. Biological influences
2.
b. Cultural influences
3.
c. Environmental factors
4.
d. Genetic predisposition
5.
Answer: c. Environmental factors
1.
Who is known for the study of isolated children raised in a dark
room?
1.
a. Jean Piaget
2.
b. Sigmund Freud
3.
c. B.F. Skinner
4.
d. Anna Freud
5.
Answer: d. Anna Freud
1.
What is the foundation of personality, according to the lesson?
1.
a. Genetics
2.
b. Nature
3.
c. Social experience
4.
d. Isolation
5.
Answer: c. Social experience
1.
Which term is used to describe children raised by animals in the
wilderness?
1.
a. Isolated children
2.
b. Feral children
3.
c. Wild children
4.
d. Savage children
5.
Answer: b. Feral children
1.
According to the nature vs. nurture debate, what does
"nature" refer to?
1.
a. Biological influences
2.
b. Environmental factors
3.
c. Cultural experiences
4.
d. Socialization
5.
Answer: a. Biological influences
1.
Who proposed behaviorism and emphasized the role of nurture in
shaping behavior?
1.
a. Jean Piaget
2.
b. B.F. Skinner
3.
c. Sigmund Freud
4.
d. Erik Erikson
5.
Answer: b. B.F. Skinner
1.
What is the term used for the subsequent stages of socialization
that usually take place apart from the family?
1.
a. Primary socialization
2.
b. Secondary socialization
3.
c. Tertiary socialization
4.
d. Advanced socialization
5.
Answer: b. Secondary socialization
Short-Answer
Questions:
1. What is
socialization?
· Answer: Socialization is the process of acquiring cultural
knowledge and developing one's full potential as an individual through lifetime
social experiences.
2. Define primary
socialization.
· Answer: Primary socialization refers to the early stages of socialization
that typically occur during childhood and within the family.
3. What are feral
children, and how do they illustrate the role of socialization?
· Answer: Feral children are those who have been raised by animals
in the wilderness, illustrating that socialization is crucial for human
development and the formation of traits.
4. Differentiate
between nature and nurture in the context of socialization.
· Answer: Nature refers to biological influences on behavior,
while nurture emphasizes the role of the social environment and cultural
experiences.
5. Explain the concept
of isolated children and their impact on understanding socialization.
· Answer: Isolated children are those who grow up in severe social
isolation, providing insights into the effects of socialization on human
development and the importance of environmental conditions.
6. What role does
technology and international media play in secondary socialization?
· Answer: Technology and international media increasingly impact
secondary socialization, influencing individuals beyond family traditions
through exposure to global influences.
7. How does
socialization influence our sense of self and emotions?
· Answer: Socialization shapes our sense of self and emotions by
internalizing cultural norms, influencing our thoughts, feelings, and actions
in accordance with societal expectations.
8. What is the
foundation of personality according to socialization?
· Answer: The foundation of personality is social experience, and
personality develops through the absorption of one's environment during the
process of socialization.
9. Who proposed
behaviorism, and what does it emphasize in the nature vs. nurture debate?
· Answer: Behaviorism, proposed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes that
behavior is acquired rather than instinctive, supporting the role of nurture in
shaping human behavior.
10. Define secondary socialization.
· Answer: Secondary socialization refers to the subsequent stages
of socialization that typically occur outside the family, influenced by factors
like technology and media.
11. What does the term "feral children" signify?
· Answer: Feral children are those who have been raised by animals
in isolation, illustrating the importance of socialization in human
development.
12. Explain the role of nature and nurture in the nature vs.
nurture debate.
· Answer: Nature refers to biological influences, while nurture
emphasizes environmental factors and cultural experiences in shaping human
behavior.
13. How do isolated children contribute to understanding the
effects of socialization on human development?
· Answer: Isolated children, raised in severe social isolation,
provide insights into developmental delays and the impact of environmental
conditions on human development.
14. Why is socialization crucial for human growth, according
to sociologists?
· Answer: Socialization is crucial for human growth as it helps in
developing the ability to think, reason, and feel through interaction with
others, shaping behavior in accordance with cultural norms.
15. In the nature vs. nurture debate, what did Charles Darwin's
study on evolution contribute?
· Answer: Charles Darwin's study on evolution contributed to the
belief that human behavior was instinctive and part of our "nature,"
influencing early theories on cultural differences.
16. What is primary socialization, and when does it typically
occur?
· Answer: Primary socialization is the early stage of
socialization occurring during childhood within the family.
17. How does socialization influence our attitudes?
· Answer: Socialization influences our attitudes by shaping our
perceptions, beliefs, and values in accordance with cultural norms.
18. Who are considered isolated children, and what impact
does social isolation have on them?
· Answer: Isolated children grow up in severe social isolation,
experiencing developmental delays and lacking fundamental social skills due to
the absence of socialization.
19. Why is the study of feral children significant in
understanding socialization?
· Answer: The study of feral children is significant as it
highlights the importance of socialization in human development and the role of
the social environment in shaping behavior.
20. How does technology impact secondary socialization in
contemporary society?
· Answer: Technology impacts secondary socialization by exposing
individuals to global influences beyond family and traditional practices.
21. Define the concept of behaviorism and its stance on human
behavior.
· Answer: Behaviorism, proposed by B.F. Skinner, asserts that
human behavior is acquired rather than instinctive, emphasizing the role of
environmental factors in shaping behavior.
22. What is the connection between socialization and the
self?
· Answer: Socialization contributes to the development of the self
by shaping individuals' understanding of their identity in relation to societal
expectations.
23. Explain the term "cultural lag" in the context
of social change.
· Answer: Cultural lag, coined by William Ogburn, describes the
inconsistency in the rate of change between material culture and nonmaterial
culture, where technology advances more quickly than societal norms.
24. How does socialization act as a form of social control?
· Answer: Socialization acts as a form of social control by
shaping individuals' behaviors, thoughts, and emotions according to cultural
norms, creating internalized restraints.
25. What is the significance of understanding primary and
secondary socialization in a sociocultural context?
· Answer: Understanding primary and secondary socialization is
significant for comprehending how family traditions and global influences
impact individuals' development within a sociocultural context.
Long-Answer
Questions:
1. Discuss the concept
of socialization and its role in shaping human behavior.
· Answer: Socialization is the lifelong process through which
individuals acquire cultural knowledge, develop their full potential, and
internalize societal norms and values. Unlike other living species, human
behavior is not solely determined by biology; it requires social experiences
for learning and growth. The foundation of personality, encompassing enduring
tendencies of acting, thinking, and feeling, is established through
socialization. This process shapes individuals' sense of self, attitudes, and
behaviors, fostering the integration of cultural norms into their identity.
Socialization is crucial for human growth, contributing to the development of
cognitive abilities, emotional responses, and social skills. In essence,
socialization acts as a guiding force, molding individuals into functioning
members of society.
2. Examine the role of
primary socialization in shaping individuals during their early years.
· Answer: Primary socialization is the initial stage of
socialization that occurs during childhood within the family. This period is
fundamental in shaping individuals' core beliefs, values, and behaviors. Family
traditions, cultural practices, and parental guidance play a significant role
in influencing primary socialization. During these formative years, children
learn language, societal norms, and basic social skills. Primary socialization
establishes the foundation for individuals' sense of self and identity,
creating a framework through which they perceive the world. The family serves
as the primary agent of socialization, transmitting cultural knowledge and
shaping the early development of personality traits. Understanding primary
socialization is essential for comprehending how familial influences contribute
to individuals' lifelong behaviors and attitudes.
3. Explore the impact
of secondary socialization in the modern era, focusing on technological
influences.
· Answer: Secondary socialization represents the subsequent stages
of socialization that occur outside the family context. In the modern era,
technological advances have significantly influenced secondary socialization.
Exposure to technology and international media has become a prominent factor
shaping individuals beyond traditional family practices. Social interactions,
education, and cultural influences extend beyond geographical boundaries,
contributing to a globalized secondary socialization. Technology acts as a
conduit for diverse perspectives, values, and lifestyles, influencing
individuals' beliefs and behaviors. The increasing impact of technology
underscores the need to examine how global influences shape identity,
preferences, and cultural integration during the later stages of socialization.
4. Discuss the nature
vs. nurture debate in the context of socialization, referencing key theorists
and their perspectives.
· Answer: The nature vs. nurture debate explores the relative
contributions of biological factors (nature) and environmental influences
(nurture) in shaping human behavior. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory
initially led to the misconception that human behavior was instinctive and
rooted in biology. However, behaviorism, proposed by B.F. Skinner, challenged
biological explanations, asserting that behavior is acquired rather than
instinctive. Behaviorism emphasized the role of environmental factors and
cultural practices in shaping behavior. This shift in perspective highlighted
the significance of nurture in the nature vs. nurture debate. While
acknowledging the influence of biology, modern social scientists emphasize that
environmental factors, cultural experiences, and socialization play a more
substantial role in determining human behavior. The interplay between nature
and nurture remains a central theme in understanding the complexities of human
development.
5. Examine the impact
of isolated children on our understanding of socialization and human
development.
· Answer: Isolated children, those who grow up in severe social
isolation, offer valuable insights into the effects of socialization on human
development. Cases like Anna, who spent much of her childhood in a dark room,
demonstrate the profound impact of isolation on developmental delays and the
absence of fundamental social skills. Isolated children highlight the crucial
role of social interaction, cultural exposure, and environmental conditions in
shaping cognitive abilities and social competencies. Their experiences
underscore the significance of socialization in acquiring language, emotional
intelligence, and societal norms. Studying isolated children contributes to a
deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of social deprivation on human
development and emphasizes the essential role of socialization in fostering
well-rounded individuals.
6. Discuss the concept
of the self and emotions as forms of social control through socialization.
· Answer: Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping the self
and emotions as forms of internalized social control. The self refers to an
individual's perception of their identity in relation to others and societal
expectations. Through socialization, individuals internalize cultural norms and
values, developing a self-concept that guides their actions and behaviors.
Emotions, as integral components of the self, are also influenced by
socialization. The societal expectations of friends, family, and institutions
act as a social mirror, establishing reliable restraints on behavior. The fear
of embarrassment, shame, or social disapproval becomes a powerful deterrent,
shaping emotional responses and behaviors. The process of socialization into
the self and emotions reflects the impact of societal norms as a mechanism for
maintaining order and conformity within a given culture.
7. Explore the role of
cultural lag in understanding social change and its implications.
· Answer: Cultural lag, coined by William Ogburn, refers to the
inconsistency in the rate of change between material culture (technology,
inventions) and nonmaterial culture (values, norms). This concept underscores
that technological advancements often outpace the evolution of societal norms
and values. Cultural lag has implications for social change, as rapid
technological progress may lead to conflicts and challenges in adapting
societal norms. For example, the advent of new technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, may pose ethical dilemmas that society is unprepared to address.
The study of cultural lag provides insights into the complexities of societal
adaptation to change, emphasizing the need for a balanced evolution of material
and nonmaterial aspects of culture.
8. Analyze the
significance of understanding primary and secondary socialization in the
context of sociocultural development.
· Answer: Understanding primary and secondary socialization is
crucial for comprehending the multifaceted process of sociocultural
development. Primary socialization, occurring during childhood within the
family, lays the foundation for an individual's core beliefs, values, and
identity. It shapes early social skills, language acquisition, and emotional
development. The family serves as the primary agent transmitting cultural
knowledge. Secondary socialization, which extends beyond the family, exposes
individuals to a broader range of influences, including technology, media, and
global perspectives. It contributes to the ongoing development of beliefs,
attitudes, and behaviors throughout life. The interaction between primary and secondary
socialization influences how individuals navigate societal expectations,
contributing to the rich tapestry of cultural diversity and integration.
9. Examine the concept
of behaviorism and its impact on the nature vs. nurture debate in
socialization.
· Answer: Behaviorism, proposed by B.F. Skinner, had a significant
impact on the nature vs. nurture debate in socialization. Behaviorism rejected
the notion of instinctive human behavior rooted in
Lesson no 13:
1.
According to the functionalist perspective, what is the role of socialization
in society?
· A) To promote conflict
· B) To disrupt social order
· C) To maintain society and pass
down culture
· D) To challenge cultural norms
Answer:
C) To maintain society and pass down culture
2.
From the conflict perspective, how is socialization viewed?
· A) A means of promoting equality
· B) A tool to challenge authority
· C) A way to maintain the status
quo
· D) Irrelevant to social dynamics
Answer:
C) A way to maintain the status quo
3.
In the conflict perspective, how does the media contribute to socialization?
· A) By promoting diversity
· B) By reinforcing social
hierarchies
· C) By challenging norms
· D) By encouraging rebellion
Answer:
B) By reinforcing social hierarchies
4.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is crucial for self-development?
· A) Media influence
· B) Social institutions
· C) Micro-level social interaction
· D) Cultural norms
Answer:
C) Micro-level social interaction
5.
What does Cooley's looking-glass self emphasize in the process of
socialization?
· A) The importance of media
· B) The role of family
· C) The influence of peers
· D) How we perceive ourselves
through others
Answer:
D) How we perceive ourselves through others
6.
In G.H. Mead's theory, what is crucial for self-development?
· A) Social isolation
· B) Play and role-taking
· C) Media exposure
· D) Strict adherence to norms
Answer:
B) Play and role-taking
7.
How does symbolic interactionism view the development of the self?
· A) As a finished product
· B) As a work in progress
· C) As predetermined by genetics
· D) As irrelevant to society
Answer:
B) As a work in progress
8.
According to the feminist approach, what does socialization foster?
· A) Equality between genders
· B) Patriarchy and gender roles
· C) Social justice
· D) Elimination of gender
differences
Answer:
B) Patriarchy and gender roles
9.
According to Freud, what comprises the three components of personality?
· A) Ego, superego, and id
· B) Ego, id, and emotions
· C) Superego, emotions, and id
· D) Emotions, ego, and superego
Answer:
A) Ego, superego, and id
10.
According to Kohlberg, what characterizes the Preconventional stage of moral
development?
· A) Focus on interpersonal ties
· B) Abstract thinking about
morality
· C) Following rules to avoid
trouble
· D) Evaluating conduct based on
societal norms
Answer:
C) Following rules to avoid trouble
11.
What did Carol Gilligan emphasize in her critique of Kohlberg's theory?
· A) The universality of moral
stages
· B) The need for more research on
men
· C) Differences in moral
perspectives between men and women
· D) The irrelevance of gender in
moral development
Answer:
C) Differences in moral perspectives between men and women
12.
According to Paul Ekman, how many basic emotions are universally felt?
· A) Three
· B) Six
· C) Ten
· D) Twelve
Answer:
B) Six
13.
How do emotions express themselves culturally according to the provided lesson?
· A) Universally
· B) Based on biological factors
only
· C) Through facial expressions and
cultural rules
· D) Independently of social norms
Answer:
C) Through facial expressions and cultural rules
14.
What is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing emotional expression in the
provided lesson?
· A) Gender rules
· B) Societal norms
· C) Genetic predisposition
· D) Cultural background
Answer:
C) Genetic predisposition
15.
Which psychological perspective is NOT discussed in the lesson?
· A) Psychoanalytic
· B) Humanistic
· C) Behaviorist
· D) Existential
Answer:
D) Existential
16.
According to the functionalist perspective, what is resocialization essential for?
· A) Reinforcing existing roles
· B) Maintaining status quo
· C) Facilitating smooth transitions
· D) Promoting rebellion
Answer:
C) Facilitating smooth transitions
17.
From the conflict perspective, what is resocialization seen as an illustration
of?
· A) Oppression and control
· B) Equality and justice
· C) Social harmony
· D) Cultural diversity
Answer:
A) Oppression and control
18.
In symbolic interactionism, what does the "generalized other" refer
to?
· A) Personal identity
· B) Social roles
· C) Cultural norms
· D) Abstract concepts
Answer:
B) Social roles
19.
What is a weakness of the feminist approach to socialization, as mentioned in
the lesson?
· A) Overemphasis on gender roles
· B) Ignoring other forms of social
oppression
· C) Promoting gender equality
· D) Disregarding cultural norms
Answer:
B) Ignoring other forms of social oppression
20.
According to Freud, what is the role of the superego in personality
development?
· A) Seeking self-gratification
· B) Balancing the id and ego
· C) Following social norms
· D) Resisting social pressures
Answer:
C) Following social norms
21.
In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what characterizes the Conventional
stage?
· A) Abstract thinking
· B) Following rules based on
societal norms
· C) Focus on interpersonal ties
· D) Self-gratification
Answer:
B) Following rules based on societal norms
22.
What does G.H. Mead emphasize as crucial for self-development in symbolic
interactionism?
· A) Isolation
· B) Play and role-taking
· C) Media influence
· D) Genetic predisposition
Answer:
B) Play and role-taking
23.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is the "looking-glass
self" based on?
· A) Self-reflection
· B) Perception of others
· C) Cultural norms
· D) Genetic factors
Answer:
B) Perception of others
24.
How does Freud describe the id in personality development?
· A) Rational and balanced
· B) Innate desires for
self-gratification
· C) Moral and ethical
· D) Concerned with social
expectations
Answer:
B) Innate desires for self-gratification
25.
According to the conflict perspective, how does resocialization contribute to
maintaining power?
· A) By promoting rebellion
· B) By encouraging diversity
· C) By reinforcing social
hierarchies
· D) By challenging authority
Answer:
C) By reinforcing social hierarchies
26.
What did Carol Gilligan find in her research on gender differences in morality?
· A) No significant differences
between men and women
· B) Men prioritize interpersonal
ties in moral judgments
· C) Women think more abstractly
about morality
· D) Men and women use identical
moral reasoning skills
Answer:
B) Men prioritize interpersonal ties in moral judgments
27.
How does symbolic interactionism contribute to the study of socialization in
the modern context?
· A) By emphasizing genetic factors
· B) By focusing on macro-level
analysis
· C) By exploring online social
interaction
· D) By neglecting the role of media
Answer:
C) By exploring online social interaction
28.
What does the feminist perspective view as a site of conflict in socialization?
· A) Family dynamics
· B) Cultural norms
· C) Gender roles
· D) Online interactions
Answer:
C) Gender roles
29.
According to the functionalist perspective, what happens when socialization
breaks down?
· A) Increased cultural diversity
· B) Smooth transitions between
roles
· C) Breakdown of the social system
· D) Enhanced individual freedom
Answer:
C) Breakdown of the social system
30.
In G.H. Mead's theory, what does the "I" represent in personality
development?
· A) Social roles
· B) Subject of oneself
· C) Social norms
· D) Cultural identity
Answer:
B) Subject of oneself
Short-Answer
Questions:
1. Q: What is the
primary function of socialization according to functionalists?
· A: According to functionalists,
the primary function of socialization is to maintain society, strengthen the
social order, and pass down culture from one generation to the next.
2. Q: How does the
conflict perspective view socialization?
· A: The conflict perspective sees
socialization as a tool used by those in authority to uphold the status quo and
justify existing social inequities.
3. Q: What does the
feminist perspective emphasize regarding socialization?
· A: The feminist perspective
emphasizes that socialization fosters patriarchy, maintains gender roles, and
instructs people to internalize harmful gendered expectations and norms.
4. Q: According to
symbolic interactionism, what is the "looking-glass self"?
· A: The "looking-glass
self" in symbolic interactionism is the idea that our self-concept is
shaped by how we perceive others' reactions to us.
5. Q: What does G.H.
Mead contribute to the understanding of socialization in symbolic
interactionism?
· A: G.H. Mead highlights the
importance of play and role-taking in self-development, emphasizing that
individuals learn to assume the positions of others through social interaction.
6. Q: How does
resocialization contribute to the functionalist perspective?
· A: Resocialization is crucial for
functionalists as it helps individuals let go of one role and assume another,
facilitating smooth transitions and ensuring the survival of the social system.
7. Q: What does the
conflict perspective say about socialization and social hierarchies?
· A: The conflict perspective argues
that socialization reinforces social hierarchies by promoting conformity,
rewarding unquestioning conformity, and punishing those who challenge
established hierarchies.
8. Q: According to
feminist theory, what is a limitation of the focus on gender in socialization?
· A: A limitation of the feminist
approach is its tendency to overlook other forms of social oppression and
inequality while concentrating solely on gender.
9. Q: What is the role
of play in G.H. Mead's theory of socialization?
· A: Play is crucial for self-development
in Mead's theory as it teaches individuals how to assume the position of
others, developing the ability to understand others' feelings and thoughts.
10. Q: How does symbolic interactionism contribute to the
study of socialization in the modern context?
· A: Symbolic interactionism
explores the impact of media and technological media on the formation of self,
emphasizing online social interaction and its role in socialization.
11. Q: What is the "generalized other" in symbolic
interactionism?
· A: The "generalized
other" refers to our sense of what others think of us in a broader social
context, shaping our ability to assume the roles of others.
12. Q: How does resocialization align with the conflict
perspective's view on power and control?
· A: Resocialization, according to
the conflict perspective, is an illustration of those in control trying to
oppress and take advantage of others to maintain their power.
13. Q: In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, what characterizes
the Preconventional stage?
· A: In the Preconventional stage,
children focus on meeting their own needs, and there is no clear distinction
between right and wrong in their eyes.
14. Q: What does the looking-glass self involve according to
Charles Horton Cooley?
· A: The looking-glass self involves
visualizing how others perceive us, interpreting their responses, and creating
a sense of who we are based on those perceptions.
15. Q: How does the conflict perspective view socialization messages
conveyed by the media?
· A: The conflict perspective views
media messages as reinforcing social inequalities, promoting stereotypes, and
presenting a binary view of society that simplifies complex issues.
16. Q: What is the role of the superego in Freud's theory of
personality development?
· A: The superego represents
internalized cultural standards and values, acting as the moral aspect of
personality that induces feelings of guilt or pride based on adherence to
societal norms.
17. Q: According to symbolic interactionism, why is the study
of socialization dominated by this perspective?
· A: Symbolic interactionism places
a focus on micro-level analysis, the significance of primary groups, and the
interpretation of symbols, making it a significant framework for studying
socialization.
18. Q: What is the conflict perspective's view on the role of
resocialization in maintaining power structures?
· A: The conflict perspective sees
resocialization as reinforcing status hierarchies, promoting compliance with
laws, and supporting the status quo by rewarding conformity and punishing
dissent.
19. Q: How does symbolic interactionism view the self as a
part of the socialization process?
· A: Symbolic interactionism views
the self as continuously evolving through social interaction, emphasizing that
the self is never a finished object but a work in progress.
20. Q: According to Freud, what is the role of the ego in
personality development?
· A: The ego acts as a check and
balance between the id's desire for self-gratification and the social pressures
that inhibit it, aiming to reconcile the conflicts between the id and the
superego.
21. Q: What does the feminist perspective argue regarding the
role of socialization in establishing gendered identities?
· A: The feminist perspective argues
that socialization plays a significant role in establishing gendered
identities, influencing how individuals view themselves and others.
22. Q: According to functionalists, what happens when
socialization breaks down?
· A: According to functionalists,
when socialization breaks down, the entire social system is at risk of breaking
down, leading to aberrant behaviors and a threat to the survival of
civilization.
23. Q: How does resocialization contribute to the conflict
perspective's critique of social control?
· A: Resocialization reinforces the
value of status hierarchies, compliance with authority in institutions like the
military or prisons, and supports social control by rewarding conformity.
24. Q: According to symbolic interactionism, how does the
looking-glass self contribute to self-development?
· A: The looking-glass self
contributes to self-development by shaping our self-concept based on how we
believe others perceive us, even if those perceptions are inaccurate.
25. Q: What is the significance of the "I" in G.H.
Mead's theory of the self?
· A: The "I" in Mead's
theory represents the subject of oneself, the impulsive and creative aspect
engaged in analyzing others' responses and adjusting beliefs and behaviors.
Long-Answer
Questions:
1. Q: Explain the
functionalist perspective on socialization, emphasizing its role in maintaining
society.
· A: The functionalist perspective
views socialization as crucial for maintaining society by strengthening the
social order and passing down culture. According to this view, individuals
learn the attitudes, values, and conventions necessary for societal roles,
contributing to the overall stability and functioning of society. Through
socialization, people internalize norms, which promotes cooperation, social
cohesion, and the smooth functioning of social institutions.
2. Q: Discuss the
conflict perspective's critique of socialization, highlighting how it is seen
as a tool for maintaining power and control.
· A: The conflict perspective
criticizes socialization as a tool employed by those in power to maintain their
status and control over the masses. It argues that the dominant class uses socialization
to justify and perpetuate social inequalities. This perspective sees
socialization as a means of preserving the existing power structures,
reinforcing conformity to established norms, and suppressing dissent.
Individuals are socialized to accept their roles in the social hierarchy, and
deviation from these roles is often met with punishment.
3. Q: Explore the
feminist perspective on socialization, emphasizing its focus on gender roles
and patriarchy.
· A: The feminist perspective
highlights the role of socialization in perpetuating gender roles and
reinforcing patriarchal structures. It argues that individuals, from an early
age, are socialized into specific gender norms, expectations, and behaviors.
This process shapes perceptions of masculinity and femininity, contributing to
the unequal power dynamics between genders. Feminist scholars criticize the
traditional portrayal of women in socialization processes and call for a
reevaluation of societal norms that perpetuate gender-based discrimination.
4. Q: Examine symbolic
interactionism's contribution to the study of socialization, emphasizing
concepts such as the "looking-glass self" and role-taking.
· A: Symbolic interactionism
contributes to the study of socialization by emphasizing the micro-level
analysis of social interactions. The "looking-glass self" concept
highlights how individuals form their self-concept based on how they believe
others perceive them. Role-taking, as proposed by G.H. Mead, underscores the
importance of play and social interaction in the development of self. Through
symbolic communication, individuals learn to interpret and respond to symbols,
gestures, and shared meanings, contributing to the continuous process of
self-construction.
5. Q: Discuss the role
of resocialization according to functionalists, focusing on its importance in
facilitating smooth transitions between societal roles.
· A: Resocialization, according to
the functionalist perspective, plays a crucial role in facilitating smooth
transitions between societal roles. In times of significant life changes or
societal shifts, individuals need to adapt to new norms, values, and
expectations. Resocialization allows individuals to unlearn previous behaviors,
beliefs, and roles, and acquire new ones deemed appropriate for the new
context. This process ensures the continuity and stability of the social system
by enabling individuals to adjust to evolving societal demands and norms.
6. Q: Explore the
conflict perspective's view on resocialization, highlighting how it reinforces
social hierarchies and the power dynamics within society.
· A: From the conflict perspective,
resocialization is viewed as a mechanism that reinforces social hierarchies and
the existing power dynamics within society. Institutions, such as the military
or correctional facilities, utilize resocialization to instill obedience,
conformity, and adherence to authority. This process, rather than promoting
individual freedom, is seen as a means of maintaining control and ensuring that
individuals align with societal norms dictated by those in power.
Resocialization, in this context, is a tool to suppress dissent and maintain
the status quo.
7. Q: Critically
assess the feminist perspective's approach to socialization, discussing its
strengths and weaknesses in understanding the impact of gender on identity
formation.
· A: The feminist perspective offers
valuable insights into how socialization perpetuates gender roles and
reinforces patriarchy. It sheds light on the unequal power dynamics between
genders and the impact of societal expectations on identity formation. However,
a potential weakness lies in its exclusive focus on gender, sometimes
overlooking other forms of social oppression and intersectionality. A more comprehensive
understanding of socialization would involve considering how various social
factors, beyond gender alone, contribute to the complexity of identity
formation.
8. Q: Evaluate the
role of media in socialization from the conflict perspective, emphasizing how
it may contribute to the reinforcement of social inequalities and stereotypes.
· A: The conflict perspective on
media and socialization argues that media messages often serve the interests of
those in power, reinforcing social inequalities and perpetuating stereotypes.
Media can shape public perceptions, influence cultural norms, and contribute to
the maintenance of the status quo. The concentration of media ownership and
control in the hands of a few powerful entities raises concerns about biased
portrayals and the potential manipulation of public opinion. From this
perspective, media can be seen as a tool for maintaining existing power
structures and shaping social attitudes in favor of the dominant class.
9. Q: Examine the
contributions of G.H. Mead to symbolic interactionism and socialization,
emphasizing the role of play and role-taking in self-development.
· A: G.H. Mead's contributions to
symbolic interactionism emphasize the significance of play and role-taking in
self-development. According to Mead, individuals learn to take on the
perspectives of others through imaginative play and role-playing activities.
Play helps individuals understand and internalize societal roles, fostering the
development of a complex self-concept. Role-taking allows individuals to
anticipate the reactions of others and adjust their behavior accordingly.
Mead's ideas highlight the dynamic and interactive nature of socialization,
emphasizing the continuous process of self-construction through social interaction.
10. Q: Discuss the implications of socialization breakdown
according to the functionalist perspective, emphasizing its potential impact on
the stability of society.
· A: According to functionalists,
when socialization breaks down, there is a risk of societal instability.
Socialization is considered essential for passing down cultural values, norms,
and roles, ensuring the smooth functioning of social institutions. If
socialization fails, individuals may lack the necessary skills and knowledge to
fulfill their societal roles, leading to deviant behaviors and potential
disruptions. The breakdown of socialization can result in a lack of social
cohesion, making it challenging for society to maintain order and address the
needs of its members. From this perspective, the stability of society relies
heavily on the effectiveness of the socialization process.
Lesson no 14:
1. What are agents of
socialization?
· A. Organizations that provide
social services
· B. People or organizations shaping
perspectives on life
· C. Government institutions
· D. Educational institutions only
Answer: B
2. Which of the
following is NOT an agent of socialization discussed in the lesson?
· A. Family
· B. Workplace
· C. Peer group
· D. Religion
Answer: B
3. According to the
lesson, which agent of socialization has the first significant impact on
individuals?
· A. School
· B. Peer group
· C. Family
· D. Mass media
Answer: C
4. How does social
class influence parenting styles, according to sociologist Melvin Kohn?
· A. Working-class parents emphasize
curiosity and self-expression.
· B. Middle-class parents often use
physical punishment.
· C. Both classes prioritize
physical punishment.
· D. Social class does not influence
parenting.
Answer: B
5. What did
sociologist Melvin Kohn find to be the reason for variations in parenting
styles based on social class?
· A. Educational background
· B. Life experiences, particularly
in the sphere of work
· C. Cultural differences
· D. Genetic factors
Answer: B
6. How do parents from
more affluent neighborhoods differ from those in less affluent ones, according
to sociological studies?
· A. Affluent parents use more
physical punishment.
· B. Affluent parents watch their
kids less closely.
· C. Less affluent parents know
their neighbors better.
· D. Affluent parents watch their
kids more closely.
Answer: D
7. What is the latent
purpose of formal education, according to the lesson?
· A. Teaching knowledge and skills
· B. Shaping beliefs and attitudes
· C. Preparing for societal
participation
· D. All of the above
Answer: D
8. What is the
"corridor curriculum" in schools, according to the lesson?
· A. The curriculum taught in
classrooms
· B. Unintentional lessons learned
in school hallways
· C. Physical education curriculum
· D. Secret curriculum
Answer: B
9. How do conflict
theorists view the role of schools in perpetuating social class divisions?
· A. Schools promote social mobility
for the underprivileged.
· B. Public schools create a level
playing field for all social classes.
· C. Schools contribute to the
reproduction of social class systems.
· D. Private schools challenge
social class divisions.
Answer: C
10. At what phase does a child's interaction with agents of
socialization increase, leading to a decrease in the influence of the family?
· A. Early childhood
· B. Adolescence
· C. Late adulthood
· D. Infancy
Answer: B
11. What did sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler observe in
their study of two Colorado primary schools in 1998?
· A. Children segregate themselves
by age.
· B. Children resist peer influence.
· C. Children create separate gender
worlds.
· D. Children prefer academic
achievement over popularity.
Answer: C
12. Which of the following is an example of a total
institution?
· A. Public school
· B. Military boot camp
· C. Workplace
· D. Neighborhood
Answer: B
13. What is de-socialization?
· A. Learning new standards, ideals,
and attitudes
· B. A process of removing personal
belongings and establishing uniformity
· C. The imprinting of a new
identity
· D. Adapting to societal norms
Answer: B
14. In the context of total institutions, what is a
degradation ceremony?
· A. A welcoming ceremony for new
members
· B. A ceremony for achieving higher
status
· C. A ceremony for celebrating
accomplishments
· D. A process of recreating the
self by removing the individual's current identity
Answer: D
15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of total
institutions, as described in the lesson?
· A. Cut off from the outside world
· B. Residents under the authority
of ruling authorities
· C. Focus on diversity and
individuality
· D. Guards, gates, fences, and bars
for security
Answer: C
16. How does the experience in total institutions impact
individuals, according to the lesson?
· A. It leaves no permanent imprint
on identity.
· B. It reinforces prior identities.
· C. It changes how individuals
perceive the world.
· D. It has no impact on behavior.
Answer: C
17. What did sociologist Erving Goffman refer to as a
complete institution?
· A. Educational institution
· B. Workplace
· C. Total institution
· D. Religious institution
Answer: C
18. What is the impact of religion on individuals, even those
who do not attend religious services, according to the lesson?
· A. No impact
· B. Limited impact on moral values
· C. Moral values ingrained in
culture
· D. Negative impact on identity
Answer: C
19. What is re-socialization?
· A. Learning new standards after a
divorce
· B. Eliminating personal belongings
in a total institution
· C. Adapting to societal norms
· D. Changing one's identity to fit
new circumstances
Answer: D
20. How does religion impact the lives of those who attend
religious services, according to the lesson?
· A. It has no impact beyond moral
values.
· B. It influences attire and
etiquette for formal events.
· C. It is limited to doctrine and
values.
· D. It has no impact on identity.
Answer: B
21. What does the term "latent purposes" refer to
in the context of formal education?
· A. Hidden intentions or unintended
consequences
· B. Obvious and explicit
educational goals
· C. Primary goals outlined in
educational policies
· D. Goals achieved through
standardized testing
Answer: A
22. According to the lesson, what is the secret curriculum in
schools?
· A. The curriculum taught in
classrooms
· B. Principles not expressly taught
but part of a school's "cultural message"
· C. Extracurricular activities
· D. Physical education curriculum
Answer: B
23. How do peer groups influence adolescents, according to
the lesson?
· A. By promoting individualism
· B. By resisting parental influence
· C. By shaping norms and behaviors
· D. By diminishing their importance
Answer: C
24. Which of the following is an example of mass media, as
mentioned in the lesson?
· A. Local community events
· B. Family gatherings
· C. Social media
· D. Neighborhood activities
Answer: C
25. How can mass media influence health-related behaviors,
according to the lesson?
· A. By promoting healthy lifestyles
· B. By discouraging exercise
· C. By endorsing smoking and
dieting
· D. By having no impact on health
behaviors
Answer: A
26. What impact does religion have on identity and social
connections, according to the lesson?
· A. No impact on identity
· B. Limited impact on social
connections
· C. Promotes a sense of identity
and belonging
· D. Negatively affects social
mobility
Answer: C
27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a total
institution in the lesson?
· A. Military boot camps
· B. Mental health facilities
· C. Public schools
· D. Prisons
Answer: C
28. What is the primary purpose of total institutions, as
discussed in the lesson?
· A. Providing educational services
· B. Offering mental health support
· C. Re-socializing individuals with
new beliefs and behaviors
· D. Promoting individuality
Answer: C
29. In the context of total institutions, what is a
degradation ceremony intended to achieve?
· A. Celebrating achievements
· B. Promoting individuality
· C. Recreating the self by removing
the current identity
· D. Encouraging diversity
Answer: C
30. How do sociologists describe the impact of total
institutions on individuals' identities?
· A. No impact
· B. Leaves a temporary imprint
· C. Reinforces prior identities
· D. Leaves a permanent imprint and
alters perception
Answer: D
31. What is the significance of religious concepts in
American culture, according to the lesson?
· A. Limited impact on moral values
· B. No impact on societal
transformation
· C. Serving as a moral compass for
both religious and non-religious individuals
· D. Restricting social mobility
Answer: C
32. What is resocialization, and when does it occur,
according to the lesson?
· A. Learning new standards; occurs
only during adolescence
· B. Adapting to societal norms;
occurs during major life transitions
· C. Adapting to religious norms;
occurs during childhood
· D. Learning new beliefs; occurs
only in total institutions
Answer: B
33. What distinguishes total institutions from other social
settings?
· A. Focus on diversity and
individuality
· B. Residents' complete isolation
from the outside world
· C. Promoting conformity and
uniformity
· D. Encouraging personal expression
Answer: B
34. What impact does religion have on participants beyond
doctrine and values, according to the lesson?
· A. No impact beyond doctrine and
values
· B. Limited impact on identity
· C. Influences attire, etiquette,
and social connections
· D. Negatively affects social
mobility
Answer: C
35. How do members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) undergo
resocialization?
· A. Learning new religious beliefs
· B. Adapting to societal norms
· C. Adopting beliefs against binge
drinking
· D. Changing their political
beliefs
Answer: C
36. What is the main function of the corridor curriculum in
schools, as discussed in the lesson?
· A. Teaching explicit subjects
· B. Providing physical education
· C. Offering career guidance
· D. Conveying a school's
"cultural message"
Answer: D
37. What role do peer groups play in shaping behaviors, such
as music preferences and academic choices?
· A. No role in shaping behaviors
· B. Limited role in shaping
behaviors
· C. Influential in shaping
behaviors
· D. Restricted to specific age
groups
Answer: C
38. What is the primary focus of the mainstream media in
shaping societal perceptions, according to the lesson?
· A. Encouraging individuality
· B. Molding attitudes, beliefs, and
values
· C. Promoting conformity
· D. Having no impact on societal
perceptions
Answer: B
39. How do adolescents typically respond to peer group norms,
according to the lesson?
· A. Resisting peer influence
· B. Adhering to parental norms
· C. Conforming to peer group norms
· D. Ignoring social norms
Answer: C
40. What is the significance of the family in shaping
fundamental views and values, according to the lesson?
· A. Limited impact on fundamental
views
· B. Forms the basis of core views,
values, and drives
· C. Has no role in shaping beliefs
· D. Primarily influences academic
choices
Answer: B
41. What distinguishes the impact of mass media on societal
perceptions in Pakistani society, according to the lesson?
· A. No impact on societal
perceptions
· B. Limited impact on cultural
identity
· C. Influences gender roles and
physical attractiveness
· D. Has a negative impact on
political beliefs
Answer: C
42. How does the neighborhood influence children's
experiences, according to sociological studies?
· A. No influence on children's
experiences
· B. Neighborhoods have a similar
impact on children from all social classes.
· C. Children from underprivileged
areas are more likely to face legal issues.
· D. Neighborhoods do not affect
children's mental health.
Answer: C
43. What is the primary focus of working-class parents in
terms of child-rearing, according to sociologist Melvin Kohn?
· A. Encouraging curiosity and
self-expression
· B. Placing an emphasis on
discipline and physical punishment
· C. Prioritizing negotiation and
communication
· D. Preparing children for college
preparatory classes
Answer: B
44. According to sociologist Annette Lareau, how does social
status impact parents' conceptions of how children grow?
· A. No impact on parents'
conceptions
· B. Parents from all social
statuses have similar conceptions.
· C. Social status has fascinating
ramifications for children's play.
· D. Social status only impacts
children's academic choices.
Answer: C
45. What is the impact of more affluent neighborhoods on
parents' ability to know and protect their children, according to sociological
studies?
· A. Affluent neighborhoods have no
impact on parents' ability to know their children.
· B. Parents in more wealthy
neighborhoods know their children less closely.
· C. Parents in more wealthy
neighborhoods are better able to know and protect their children.
· D. Parents in less affluent
neighborhoods are more protective.
Answer: C
46. How do schools perpetuate social class, economic, and
political systems, according to Henslin (2010)?
· A. By challenging social class
divisions
· B. By promoting individuality
· C. By providing equal
opportunities for all social classes
· D. By serving to perpetuate
existing systems
Answer: D
47. What is the guiding principle of peer groups, according
to the lesson?
· A. Individuality
· B. Conformity or rejection
· C. Diversity
· D. Exclusivity
Answer: B
48. How does the media influence perceptions of gender roles
in Pakistani society, according to the lesson?
· A. No influence on gender roles
· B. Positive influence on gender
equality
· C. Negative influence on gender
roles
· D. Limited impact on cultural
identity
Answer: C
49. How do total institutions reshape individuals' beliefs,
attitudes, and behaviors?
· A. By reinforcing existing beliefs
· B. By promoting diversity
· C. By maintaining individuals'
former identities
· D. By re-socializing individuals
with new beliefs
Answer: D
50. What is the commonality between a person going through a
divorce and someone becoming a nun, according to the lesson?
· A. Both experiences are unrelated
to resocialization.
· B. Both individuals are undergoing
de-socialization.
· C. Both are going through total
institutions.
· D. Both are resisting socialization.
Answer: B
Short Questions:
1.
What are agents of socialization?
·
Answer:
Agents of socialization are individuals, groups, or institutions that shape our
perspectives, beliefs, values, and behaviors throughout our lives.
2.
Which agent of socialization has the first and most profound impact
on an individual?
·
Answer:
The family is the first and most profound agent of socialization.
3.
According to sociologist Melvin Kohn, how do working-class parents
and middle-class parents differ in child-rearing approaches?
·
Answer:
Working-class parents emphasize discipline and physical punishment, while
middle-class parents focus on encouraging curiosity and self-expression.
4.
What is the latent function of formal education, as mentioned in the
lesson?
·
Answer:
The latent function of formal education includes the unintended consequences or
repercussions that benefit society.
5.
What is the secret curriculum in schools?
·
Answer:
The secret curriculum refers to principles that are not explicitly taught but
are part of a school's "cultural message."
6.
How do peer groups influence adolescents?
·
Answer:
Peer groups influence adolescents by shaping norms, behaviors, and social
identities, resisting parental influence.
7.
Give an example of a total institution mentioned in the lesson.
·
Answer:
Prisons, mental health facilities, and military boot camps are examples of
total institutions.
8.
What is resocialization?
·
Answer:
Resocialization is the process of learning new standards, ideals, attitudes,
and behaviors, often occurring during major life transitions.
9.
What role does religion play in shaping identity, according to the
lesson?
·
Answer:
Religion plays a significant role in shaping identity by providing morals,
values, and a sense of belonging.
10.
Define de-socialization in the context of total institutions.
·
Answer:
De-socialization is the process of eliminating a person's personal belongings,
attire, and haircut while establishing a uniform setting in total institutions.
11.
How does the media influence societal perceptions of gender roles?
·
Answer:
Mass media influences societal perceptions of gender roles by conveying
messages and images that shape attitudes and beliefs.
12.
According to sociologist Annette Lareau, what impact does social status have
on parents' conceptions of how children grow?
·
Answer:
Social status has fascinating ramifications for children's play, according to
Annette Lareau.
13.
What distinguishes total institutions from other social settings?
·
Answer:
Total institutions involve complete isolation from the outside world and
immersion in the activities of the institution.
14.
How do adolescents respond to peer group norms, according to the lesson?
·
Answer:
Adolescents typically conform to peer group norms, as their influence is strong
during this developmental stage.
15.
What is the primary focus of the mainstream media in shaping societal
perceptions?
·
Answer:
The mainstream media focuses on molding attitudes, beliefs, and values that
influence societal perceptions.
16.
How does religion impact individuals beyond doctrine and values?
·
Answer:
Religion impacts individuals beyond doctrine and values by influencing attire,
etiquette, and social connections.
17.
Give an example of a degradation ceremony in a total institution.
·
Answer: A
degradation ceremony may involve taking a picture, shaving the head, or taking
fingerprints to recreate an individual's identity.
18.
According to the lesson, what impact does the neighborhood have on
children's experiences?
·
Answer:
Children from underprivileged areas are more likely to encounter legal issues,
drop out of school, and experience worse mental health.
19.
What is the corridor curriculum in schools?
·
Answer:
The corridor curriculum refers to principles that are part of a school's
"cultural message" conveyed outside the classroom.
20.
How do total institutions reshape individuals' beliefs and attitudes?
·
Answer:
Total institutions reshape individuals' beliefs and attitudes by re-socializing
them with new beliefs deemed fit for the institution.
21.
What is the guiding principle of peer groups, according to the lesson?
·
Answer:
The guiding principle of peer groups is "conformity or rejection."
22.
How can mass media influence health-related behaviors?
·
Answer:
Mass media can influence health-related behaviors such as smoking, dieting, and
exercise by conveying messages and images.
23.
According to sociologist Erving Goffman, what is the complete institution?
·
Answer:
The complete institution, according to Goffman, is a setting where residents
are cut off from the rest of society and fully under the authority of ruling
authorities.
24.
What is the significance of the family in shaping an individual's
fundamental views and values?
·
Answer:
The family forms the basis of an individual's core views, values, and drives.
25.
How do more affluent neighborhoods impact parents' ability to know and
protect their children?
·
Answer:
Parents in more affluent neighborhoods are better able to know and protect
their children due to closer community ties.
Long Questions:
26.
Explain the concept of total institutions and provide examples. How do total
institutions impact individuals' identities?
·
Answer:
Total institutions, like prisons and mental health facilities, completely
isolate individuals from the outside world and immerse them in the activities
of the institution. Examples include boot camps, concentration camps, convents,
and some military schools. Total institutions use a degradation ceremony to
recreate an individual's identity by removing their current identity and
imprinting a new one. The experience leaves a permanent imprint on the person's
identity and alters how they perceive the world.
27.
Discuss the role of schools in perpetuating social class, economic, and
political systems. How do schools contribute to the reproduction of social
inequalities?
·
Answer:
Schools perpetuate social class, economic, and political systems by serving to
perpetuate existing systems. According to Henslin, schools worldwide contribute
to social class divisions. Wealthy parents send their children to private
schools, reinforcing values and skills appropriate for their higher status.
Public schools attended by middle-class and lower-class children further define
the social class divide. Blue-collar families may teach their children that few
will become professionals, while middle-class families prepare their children
for decent employment. This contributes to the reproduction of social
inequalities by limiting access to opportunities based on social class.
28.
Examine the impact of peer groups on adolescent behavior and identity. How
do peer groups shape music preferences, academic choices, and societal norms?
·
Answer:
Peer groups play a significant role in shaping adolescent behavior and
identity. As adolescents seek independence, peer groups become influential.
Peer groups shape music preferences, academic choices, and societal norms. For
instance, conformity to peer group norms is strong, making it likely that
individuals will enjoy the same music genres as their peers. Academic choices
are influenced by the norms of the peer group. Adolescents are labeled as
"outsiders" if they resist the group's rules. Peer groups contribute
to the construction of societal norms, including those related to gender,
music, and fashion.
29.
Explore the impact of mass media on societal perceptions, particularly in
the context of gender roles and cultural identity. How does mass media convey
messages that mold attitudes and beliefs?
·
Answer:
Mass media, including television, movies, social media, and advertising,
significantly influences societal perceptions. In the context of gender roles,
mass media shapes attitudes and beliefs about the roles of men and women. It
plays a role in defining cultural identity and physical attractiveness.
Messages conveyed by mass media can influence health-related behaviors,
political beliefs, and perceptions of social issues. The mainstream media's
portrayal of gender roles may have both positive and negative impacts on
societal perceptions, contributing to the construction of norms and values.
30.
Discuss the role of religion in shaping individuals' identities, values, and
social connections. How does religion serve as both a moral compass and a
source of identity for individuals, including those who may not attend
religious services?
·
Answer:
Religion plays a significant role in shaping individuals' identities, values,
and social connections. It serves as both a moral compass and a source of
identity for individuals, whether or not they attend religious services.
Religious concepts are ingrained in culture, serving as a moral guide for
adherents and non-adherents alike. Beyond doctrine and values, religion
influences aspects like speech, attire, and etiquette. Participants in congregational
life gain a sense of identity and belonging. Religion can facilitate social
mobility and connections, contributing to societal transformation. It remains
influential even for those who may not attend religious services, impacting
their moral framework and worldview.
31.
Examine the concepts of de-socialization and re-socialization in the context
of total institutions. How do total institutions strip individuals of their
former identities and impose new beliefs and behaviors?
·
Answer:
Total institutions, such as prisons and mental health facilities, engage in
de-socialization and re-socialization processes. De-socialization involves
eliminating personal belongings, attire, and hairstyles, establishing a uniform
setting. This process aims to treat everyone equally. Re-socialization occurs
when individuals, such as divorcees or new nuns, undergo the learning of new
standards, ideals, attitudes, and behaviors to fit their new circumstances. The
experiences of those joining cults or undergoing psychotherapy involve
significant resocialization. Total institutions use degradation ceremonies to
strip individuals of their former identities and imprint new ones. These
experiences leave a lasting impact on individuals' identities and change their
fundamental way of viewing life.
32.
Analyze the impact of neighborhoods on child development and experiences.
How do neighborhoods, particularly affluent and underprivileged ones, influence
legal issues, educational outcomes, and mental health?
·
Answer:
Neighborhoods have a significant impact on child development and experiences.
Affluent neighborhoods, characterized by close-knit communities, contribute to
better parental knowledge and protection. Studies suggest that children from
underprivileged areas are more likely to encounter legal issues, experience
educational challenges, and face mental health issues. Parents in affluent
neighborhoods know their children more closely, enabling better protection. The
neighborhood's socio-economic status affects parenting approaches and the
likelihood of encountering legal problems. The study of neighborhoods supports
the logical conclusion that some are better for children than others. Parents
often try to relocate to neighborhoods deemed better for their kids'
development.
33.
Explore the role of family in shaping an individual's fundamental views,
values, and self-perception. How does social class impact parenting approaches,
and how do parents contribute to the formation of gender identity?
·
Answer:
The family plays a foundational role in shaping an individual's fundamental
views, values, and self-perception. Family experiences have a lasting impact on
an individual's core sense of self. Social class significantly influences
parenting approaches. Working-class parents may focus on discipline and
physical punishment, while middle-class parents emphasize curiosity and
self-expression. Sociologist Melvin Kohn found that the parents' line of work
influences their parenting style. Blue-collar workers emphasize compliance,
mirroring their work environment, while middle-class parents, with more
initiative-driven jobs, raise children to value curiosity and self-expression.
The family is crucial in the formation of gender identity, where judgments
about strength, intelligence, and attractiveness begin.
34.
Examine the educational component beyond formal skills in schools. How does
formal education contribute to socialization by teaching universality, the
secret curriculum, and perpetuating social class divisions?
·
Answer:
Formal education extends beyond teaching skills to contribute to socialization.
Schools teach universality, conveying that the same rules apply to everyone,
preparing children for societal participation. The secret curriculum includes
principles like patriotism, democracy, justice, and honesty, subtly embedded in
various subjects. Schools perpetuate social class divisions by serving to
perpetuate existing systems. Differentiated worlds of social class are
reinforced, as wealthy parents send children to private schools emphasizing
higher-status values. Public schools attended by middle-class and lower-class
children further define social class distinctions. Henslin (2010) found that
schools worldwide play a role in perpetuating social class, economic, and
political systems.
35.
Discuss the impact of peer groups on adolescents, including the creation of
gender worlds and the influence on academic achievement. How do peer groups
contribute to the socialization process during adolescence?
·
Answer: Peer groups have
a profound impact on adolescents, influencing the creation of gender worlds and
shaping academic achievements. Sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler observed
how children segregate themselves by gender in peer groups, creating separate
gender worlds. Boys may gain popularity for athletic abilities, while girls'
popularity may be linked to appearance and social connections. Peer groups
resist parental influence and serve as crucial agents of socialization during
adolescence. Academic achievements may be influenced, with high grades
potentially harming boys' popularity while boosting girls' status. Peer groups
contribute to the establishment of societal norms and values, playing a crucial
role in the socialization process during adolescence.
Lesson no 15
1.
What is the life course? a. A race from birth to death b. A series of
stages from birth to death c. A journey from adolescence to adulthood d. A
period from childhood to adolescence
·
Answer: b. A series of stages from birth to
death
2.
According to Philippe Aries, how was childhood viewed in European
paintings from 1000 to 1800? a. As a significant phase of life b. As a carefree
time c. As a miniature adulthood d. As an irrelevant stage
·
Answer: c. As a miniature adulthood
3.
When did the concept of adolescence emerge? a. During tribal initiation
rites b. In agricultural communities c. During the Industrial Revolution d. In
the Middle Ages
·
Answer: c. During the Industrial Revolution
4.
What term is used for the extended youth period added to the life cycle
in post-industrial nations? a. Transitional Adulthood b. Adolescent Extension
c. Prolonged Adolescence d. Emerging Adulthood
·
Answer: d. Emerging Adulthood
5.
What are the early middle years (ages 30–49) characterized by? a. High
level of self-confidence b. Frequent job changes c. Concerns about health and
mortality d. Focus on raising children
·
Answer: a. High level of self-confidence
6.
What is the term for the life stage emerging between retirement and old
age (about age 75)? a. Transitional Adulthood b. Older Transitional Years c.
Extended Middle Age d. Late Adulthood
·
Answer: b. Older Transitional Years
7.
What do researchers find about social networks and mental sharpness in
older transitional years? a. No significant correlation b. Social networks
hinder mental sharpness c. Integration into social networks maintains mental
sharpness d. Social isolation is beneficial
·
Answer: c. Integration into social networks
maintains mental sharpness
8.
According to sociologists, are individuals prisoners of socialization?
a. Yes, socialization determines all behavior b. No
·
Answer: b. No
9. What age did old age
traditionally begin in agricultural communities? a. 40 b. 50 c. 60 d. 70
· Answer: a. 40
10. What transition is occurring in today's perception of the
60s in terms of age? a. Transition to adolescence b. Transition to old age c.
Extension of middle years d. Emergence of transitional adulthood
· Answer: c. Extension of middle
years
11. What term is used for the period between retirement and old
age, typically starting around age 63? a. Transitional Adulthood b. Older
Transitional Years c. Prolonged Middle Age d. Post-Retirement Stage
· Answer: b. Older Transitional
Years
12. How do researchers find social isolation affecting the body
and brain in older transitional years? a. No significant impact b. Beneficial
for the brain c. Bad for both the body and the brain d. Enhances mental
sharpness
· Answer: c. Bad for both the
body and the brain
13. What proportion of men and women between late 60s and age 75
engage in sexual activity? a. Two-thirds of men and two-fifths of women b. Half
of men and a quarter of women c. All men and most women d. None of the men and
a few women
· Answer: a. Two-thirds of men
and two-fifths of women
14. What term is used for the era of internal upheaval referred
to as adolescence? a. Societal Construct b. Natural Age Divide c. Biological
Transition d. Social Invention
· Answer: d. Social Invention
15. What was childhood like in European paintings from A.D. 1000
to 1800, according to Aries? a. A significant phase of life b. A carefree time c.
A miniature adulthood d. An irrelevant stage
· Answer: c. A miniature
adulthood
16. What does adolescence create to distinguish itself from the
younger and older worlds? a. Social hierarchies b. Subcultures c. Economic
systems d. Political structures
· Answer: b. Subcultures
17. What does Keniston (1971) term the age when individuals are
"neither psychological adolescents nor sociological adults"? a.
Transitional Adulthood b. Prolonged Adolescence c. Adolescent Extension d.
Young Adulthood
· Answer: b. Prolonged
Adolescence
18. What age range characterizes the later middle years (ages 50
to 65)? a. 50 to 55 b. 55 to 60 c. 60 to 65 d. 45 to 50
· Answer: c. 60 to 65
19. What shift in thinking occurs in the later middle years
regarding time? a. From time from birth to time remaining to live b. From time
remaining to live to time from birth c. From time from birth to time of
achievements d. From time of achievements to time remaining to live
· Answer: a. From time from birth
to time remaining to live
20. How do individuals in the later middle years feel about
death? a. It remains an ethereal idea b. It becomes more abstract c. It becomes
less abstract d. It is irrelevant
· Answer: c. It becomes less
abstract
21. How do we view death in our formative years? a. As an
ethereal idea or remote prospect b. As an imminent threat c. As an abstract
concept d. As an irrelevant topic
· Answer: a. As an ethereal idea
or remote prospect
22. What allows individuals to think about death? a. Exposure to
socializing agents b. Cultural beliefs c. A sense of self and abstract
reasoning d. Biological factors
· Answer: c. A sense of self and
abstract reasoning
23. How does the self change beyond childhood? a. It becomes
static b. It becomes a passive sponge c. It becomes a dynamic, active aspect d.
It loses its influence
· Answer: c. It becomes a
dynamic, active aspect
24. What is the self's role in behavior, according to
sociologists? a. It determines all behavior b. It has no impact on behavior c.
It is passive and influenced by external factors d. It is dynamic and enables
individuals to impact the environment
· Answer: d. It is dynamic and
enables individuals to impact the environment
25. What does socialization contribute to individuals according
to sociologists? a. Fixed behavior patterns b. Robotic behavior c. A sense of
self and possibilities for change d. Lack of individuality
· Answer: c. A sense of self and
possibilities for change
Short Questions:
1. What is the life
course, and why is it significant in sociology?
· Answer: The life course refers to the various stages individuals go
through from conception to death. It is significant in sociology because each
stage influences behavior and inclinations.
2. How did the
Industrial Revolution contribute to the creation of adolescence as a distinct
life stage?
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution created material surpluses, reducing
the need for teenagers in the labor market and emphasizing the importance of
education, leading to the invention of adolescence.
3. What societal
factors led to the change in attitudes toward childhood during the Industrial
Revolution?
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution led to a shift in attitudes, viewing
children as delicate and innocent, requiring care, comfort, and protection,
when they had the time and freedom to attend school.
4. Define transitional
adulthood and explain why it is considered an extended youth phase.
· Answer: Transitional adulthood refers to the period between ages 18 and
29, characterized by delayed adult responsibilities, often spent in college or
exploring personal identity.
5. What is the
significance of self-identity during adolescence, and how do adolescents
differentiate themselves from younger and older age groups?
· Answer: Self-identity is crucial in adolescence as individuals create
subcultures with distinct attire, hairstyles, language, and music to
distinguish themselves from both younger and older age groups.
6. How did the
industrial revolution impact the perception of children and their role in
society?
· Answer: The industrial revolution changed the perception of children
from being treated as miniature adults and employed at a young age to viewing
them as delicate and innocent, deserving care and protection.
7. Explain the concept
of the "sandwich generation" during the later middle years.
· Answer: The "sandwich generation" refers to individuals in
their later middle years who find themselves taking care of both their aging
parents and their own children, facing a double burden.
8. How did the
industrialization affect the onset of old age, and what is the concept of the older
transitional years?
· Answer: Industrialization extended the onset of old age, and the older
transitional years refer to the period between retirement and perceived old age
(around age 75).
9. What does the term
"adolescent turmoil" refer to, and how is it influenced by cultural
factors?
· Answer: "Adolescent turmoil" refers to the internal upheaval
experienced during adolescence, which is influenced by cultural factors rather
than biological changes.
10. How do social position factors such as gender, race, and
social class impact an individual's life course?
· Answer: Social position factors like gender, race, and social class
define specific worlds of experience, contributing to different life courses
for different groups of people.
11. Discuss Philippe Aries' perspective on childhood in
European paintings from A.D. 1000 to 1800.
· Answer: Philippe Aries claimed that childhood was not considered a
significant phase of life during this period, as children were depicted in
adult clothes engaging in adult activities.
12. Explain the societal construct of adolescence and its
origin in the context of the Industrial Revolution.
· Answer: Adolescence is a societal construct originating from the
Industrial Revolution, where material surpluses reduced the need for teenagers
in the labor market, emphasizing the importance of education.
13. Define the concept of "transitional adulthood"
and describe the characteristics of this life stage.
· Answer: Transitional adulthood refers to the period between ages 18 and
29, characterized by delayed adult responsibilities, often spent in college or
exploring personal identity.
14. How did attitudes toward children change during the
Industrial Revolution, and what influenced this shift?
· Answer: Attitudes toward children changed from viewing them as
miniature adults to seeing them as delicate and innocent, influenced by the
Industrial Revolution's economic and social changes.
15. What are some challenges faced by individuals in the
"sandwich generation" during the later middle years?
· Answer: Challenges faced by the "sandwich generation" include
taking care of aging parents and children simultaneously, juggling multiple
responsibilities.
16. Discuss the shift in thinking about old age and the
emergence of the older transitional years.
· Answer: The onset of old age has shifted, and the older transitional
years refer to the period between retirement and the perceived start of old
age, receiving increased attention from researchers.
17. How do cultural factors contribute to the creation of
subcultures during adolescence?
· Answer: Cultural factors influence adolescents to create subcultures
with distinct attire, hairstyles, language, and music to distinguish themselves
from both younger and older age groups.
18. What is the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the
perception of children's roles in society?
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution changed the perception of children,
emphasizing their delicate and innocent nature, leading to the belief that they
needed care, comfort, and protection.
19. Explain the concept of self-identity during adolescence
and its role in distinguishing from other age groups.
· Answer: Self-identity is crucial in adolescence, leading individuals to
create subcultures to distinguish themselves from both younger and older age
groups through attire, language, and music.
20. How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the
creation of adolescence as a distinct life stage?
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution created material surpluses, reducing
the need for teenagers in the labor market and emphasizing the importance of
education, leading to the invention of adolescence.
21. Discuss the impact of the industrial revolution on the
view of children and the development of attitudes toward childhood.
· Answer: The industrial revolution changed the view of children,
shifting from treating them as miniature adults to considering them delicate and
innocent, deserving care and protection.
22. Define transitional adulthood and explain why it is
considered an extended youth phase.
· Answer: Transitional adulthood refers to the period between ages 18 and
29, characterized by delayed adult responsibilities, often spent in college or
exploring personal identity.
23. What challenges do individuals in the "sandwich
generation" face during the later middle years?
· Answer: Challenges faced by the "sandwich generation" include
juggling responsibilities of taking care of aging parents and children
simultaneously, dealing with the double burden.
24. Explain the shift in thinking about old age and the
emergence of the older transitional years.
· Answer: The onset of old age has shifted, and the older transitional
years refer to the period between retirement and the perceived start of old
age, receiving increased attention from researchers.
25. How does culture contribute to the creation of
subcultures during adolescence?
· Answer: Culture influences adolescents to create subcultures with
distinct attire, hairstyles, language, and music to distinguish themselves from
both younger and older age groups.
Long Questions:
26. Discuss the concept of the life course and its
implications for sociology. How do different stages of life influence behavior
and inclinations?
· Answer: The life course refers to the various stages individuals go
through from conception to death, and each stage influences behavior and
inclinations. Sociologically, it emphasizes the impact of age and experience on
individuals' perspectives and actions.
27. Examine the societal changes during the Industrial
Revolution and their influence on the creation of adolescence as a distinct
life stage.
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution brought about material surpluses,
reducing the need for teenagers in the labor market. This, coupled with an
increased emphasis on education, led to the invention of adolescence as a
distinct life stage, marked by internal turbulence.
28. Trace the historical evolution of attitudes toward
childhood, focusing on Philippe Aries' perspective on European paintings from
A.D. 1000 to 1800.
· Answer: Philippe Aries claimed that childhood was not considered a significant
phase of life during this period, as depicted in European paintings where
children were dressed in adult clothes and engaged in adult activities. The
historical evolution shows a shift in attitudes from treating children as
miniature adults to valuing childhood as a special time.
29. Discuss the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the
perception of children and the development of attitudes toward childhood. How
did economic and social changes contribute to this shift?
· Answer: The Industrial Revolution changed the perception of children
from being treated as miniature adults to viewing them as delicate and
innocent. Economic and social changes, including material surpluses and
increased emphasis on education, influenced this shift, emphasizing the need
for care, comfort, and protection for children.
30. Define transitional adulthood and analyze its
characteristics. Why is it considered an extended youth phase, and how do
individuals navigate this stage?
· Answer: Transitional adulthood refers to the period between ages 18 and
29, characterized by delayed adult responsibilities. It is considered an
extended youth phase as individuals often pursue higher education and delay
assuming adult roles. Navigating this stage involves choices related to career,
relationships, and personal identity.
31. Examine the challenges faced by individuals in the
"sandwich generation" during the later middle years. How do societal
expectations, especially regarding women, contribute to these challenges?
· Answer: The "sandwich generation" faces challenges of
simultaneously taking care of aging parents and children. Societal
expectations, particularly for women, contribute to these challenges as they
are often pressured to fulfill multiple roles as superwomen, wives, and
mothers, leading to stress and limited time.
32. Explore the shift in thinking about old age and the
emergence of the older transitional years. How has improved health and changing
perceptions influenced this stage of life?
· Answer: The onset of old age has shifted, with individuals now
perceiving their 60s as an extension of middle years. The older transitional
years, between retirement and perceived old age, receive attention due to
improved health. Individuals engage in various activities, including sexual
activity, and changing perceptions contribute to a more enjoyable experience.
33. Discuss the sociological significance of the life course,
considering the impact of social networks, mental sharpness, and sexual
activity during the older transitional years. How do societal changes influence
perceptions of this life stage?
· Answer: The sociological significance of the life course is evident in
the older transitional years, where social networks impact mental sharpness,
and sexual activity remains prevalent. Societal changes, including improved
health, influence perceptions of this life stage, highlighting the importance
of social integration for well-being.
34. Reflect on the concept of socialization and its implications.
How do sociologists view individuals in terms of socialization, and what role
does self play in shaping behavior?
· Answer: Sociologists recognize the significant impact of socialization
on individuals but do not view them as robots. While socialization shapes
thoughts, feelings, and actions, individuals have a dynamic self that actively
contributes to shaping behavior. The self is not passive but a vital aspect
that allows individuals to impact their environment.
35. Explore the role of culture in the creation of
subcultures during adolescence. How do adolescents use distinct attire,
hairstyles, language, and music to establish their identity?
· Answer: Culture plays a crucial role in adolescents creating
subcultures. Influenced by cultural factors, adolescents use distinct attire,
hairstyles, language, and music to establish their identity and differentiate
themselves from both younger and older age groups, contributing to the
diversity of youth cultures.
Lesson no 16:
1.
What is the role of moral judgments in distinguishing between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior?
· A) Moral judgments are irrelevant
to behavior.
· B) Moral judgments provide legal
definitions.
· C) Moral judgments help discern
between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
· D) Moral judgments only apply to
criminal acts.
Answer:
C) Moral judgments help discern between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
2.
In Pakistan, why is homosexuality often considered deviant behavior?
· A) Cultural norms and religious
beliefs
· B) Legal restrictions
· C) Political ideologies
· D) Economic factors
Answer:
A) Cultural norms and religious beliefs
3.
According to Howard S. Becker, what constitutes deviance from a sociological
perspective?
· A) The behaviors themselves
· B) The responses to the actions
· C) Both A and B
· D) None of the above
Answer:
B) The responses to the actions
4.
What does the relativity of deviance emphasize according to symbolic
interactionists?
· A) Deviance is an absolute
concept.
· B) Deviance is the same across all
cultures.
· C) Different social groups have
distinct norms.
· D) Deviance is predetermined.
Answer:
C) Different social groups have distinct norms.
5.
Emile Durkheim argued that crime and deviance are necessary for society because
they:
· A) Lead to chaos and disorder
· B) Promote individual freedom
· C) Maintain social order
· D) Weaken moral boundaries
Answer:
C) Maintain social order
6.
According to Durkheim, what does deviance clarify within a group?
· A) Cultural practices
· B) Moral boundaries and affirms
norms
· C) Economic structures
· D) Political ideologies
Answer:
B) Moral boundaries and affirms norms
7.
What is the term coined by Erving Goffman to describe traits that cast people
in a negative light?
· A) Deviance
· B) Stigma
· C) Abnormality
· D) Anomaly
Answer:
B) Stigma
8.
Herbert Spencer's claim that deviation is a type of social pathology is
foundational to which approach to deviance?
· A) Symbolic interactionist
· B) Conflict theory
· C) Structural functionalist
· D) Feminist theory
Answer:
C) Structural functionalist
9.
According to Howard Becker, what is a master status in the context of deviance?
· A) A person's most respected
status
· B) A status that dominates and
overrides other statuses
· C) An honorary title given to
individuals
· D) A status achieved through
education
Answer:
B) A status that dominates and overrides other statuses
10.
What term did Edwin Schur coin to describe the process of internalizing a
deviant identity?
- A) Role engulfment - B) Status dominance - C) Identity crisis - D) Labeling
theory
Answer:
A) Role engulfment
11.
Internal means of social control refer to: - A) External factors influencing behavior - B) Personal
convictions and morality - C) Legal regulations - D) Government institutions
Answer:
B) Personal convictions and morality
12.
In Pakistan, what is a major factor influencing internal systems of control? - A) Economic factors - B)
Family upbringing - C) Political ideologies - D) Media influence
Answer:
B) Family upbringing
13.
According to the deterrence hypothesis, what is crucial for a social sanction,
especially punishment, to be avoided? - A) It should be certain, quick, and harsh. - B) It
should be uncertain and lenient. - C) It should be political in nature. - D) It
should be publicized extensively.
Answer:
A) It should be certain, quick, and harsh.
14.
What is the distinction between specific deterrence and general deterrence? - A) Specific deterrence
targets groups, while general deterrence targets individuals. - B) Specific
deterrence prevents a person from repeating a particular behavior, while
general deterrence deters others from doing similar things. - C) Specific
deterrence focuses on minor offenses, while general deterrence focuses on major
crimes. - D) There is no distinction between specific and general deterrence.
Answer:
B) Specific deterrence prevents a person from repeating a particular behavior,
while general deterrence deters others from doing similar things.
15.
Informal social control includes: - A) Laws and established institutions - B) Governmental
regulations - C) External factors - D) Gossip, ridicule, and ostracism
Answer:
D) Gossip, ridicule, and ostracism
16.
What is a powerful tool for punishing conduct in small towns or groups where
everyone knows everyone else? - A) Laws and regulations - B) Formal social control - C)
Gossip - D) Religious norms
Answer:
C) Gossip
17.
What is one of the most powerful forms of informal social control, involving
the removal of someone from social acceptance or group membership? - A) Gossip - B) Ostracism -
C) Ridicule - D) Shunning
Answer:
D) Shunning
18.
Which of the following is true regarding informal social control? - A) It is always insufficient
and needs reinforcement from formal control. - B) It is limited to major
offenses. - C) It is typically more effective than formal control. - D) It
relies solely on legal regulations.
Answer:
C) It is typically more effective than formal control.
19.
What is an example of external means of social control? - A) Personal convictions - B)
Family upbringing - C) Governmental institutions - D) Cultural norms
Answer:
C) Governmental institutions
20.
According to some sociologists, what is the most crucial component of
sociological study related to social control? - A) Law enforcement - B) Deterrence - C) Punishment -
D) Social control
Answer:
D) Social control
21.
Which theory suggests that punishment should be certain, quick, and harsh to be
an effective deterrent? - A) Labeling theory - B) Deterrence theory - C) Structural
functionalism - D) Conflict theory
Answer:
B) Deterrence theory
22.
What is the term for the type of deterrence that prevents a person from
repeating a particular behavior? - A) General deterrence - B) Specific deterrence - C)
Individual deterrence - D) Collective deterrence
Answer:
B) Specific deterrence
23.
In which scenario is shunning used as a form of informal social control? - A) In large, anonymous
communities - B) In interdependent communities like the Old Order Amish - C) In
highly individualistic societies - D) In urban areas with diverse populations
Answer:
B) In interdependent communities like the Old Order Amish
24.
What does the term "master status" mean in the context of deviance? - A) A status achieved through
education - B) A person's most respected status - C) A status that dominates
and overrides other statuses - D) A temporary status assigned by authorities
Answer:
C) A status that dominates and overrides other statuses
25.
What is the term used to describe traits that cast people in a negative light,
according to Erving Goffman? - A) Deviance - B) Stigma - C) Abnormality - D) Anomaly
Answer:
B) Stigma
26.
According to Emile Durkheim, what is one of the functions of deviance in
society? - A)
Promoting conformity - B) Clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms - C)
Suppressing social change - D) Eliminating social order
Answer:
B) Clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms
27.
What did Howard Becker emphasize in his career model of deviance? - A) The eradication of
deviant behavior - B) The importance of conformity - C) The use of labels and
their internalization - D) The acceptance of all forms of behavior
Answer:
C) The use of labels and their internalization
28.
According to the deterrence hypothesis, what characteristics make punishment
effective as a deterrent? - A) Uncertain, slow, and lenient - B) Certain, quick, and
harsh - C) Inconsistent, immediate, and severe - D) Arbitrary, unpredictable,
and mild
Answer:
B) Certain, quick, and harsh
29.
What term is used to describe a person's internal sense of right and wrong? - A) External control - B)
Social norms - C) Internal control mechanisms - D) Conscience
Answer:
D) Conscience
30.
Which sociologist coined the term "role engulfment," describing the
internalization of a deviant identity? - A) Howard Becker - B) Erving Goffman - C) Edwin Schur
- D) Emile Durkheim
Answer:
C) Edwin Schur
31.
In the context of deviance, what is the term for the time between retirement
and old age? -
A) Transitional adulthood - B) The older transitional years - C) The middle
years - D) Adolescence
Answer:
B) The older transitional years
32.
What type of social control is exerted through laws, institutions, and social
standards? -
A) Internal control - B) Informal social control - C) External control - D)
Voluntary control
Answer:
C) External control
33.
Which theory suggests that individuals internalize societal values and
standards to exercise self-control? - A) Labeling theory - B) Strain theory - C) Social
control theory - D) Conflict theory
Answer:
C) Social control theory
34.
What is an example of an informal social control mechanism? - A) Laws - B) Government
institutions - C) Gossip - D) Courts
Answer:
C) Gossip
35.
According to structural functionalism, what is one of the functions of deviance
in society? -
A) Promoting social chaos - B) Encouraging uniformity - C) Maintaining the
social order - D) Eliminating moral boundaries
Answer:
C) Maintaining the social order
36.
What is the term for the negative sanction used by the Old Order Amish to
remove someone from social acceptance or group membership? - A) Ostracism - B) Ridicule -
C) Shunning - D) Disapproval
Answer:
C) Shunning
37.
According to Herbert Spencer, what did he consider deviance to be in the
context of the structural functionalist approach? - A) A social pathology - B) A
social norm - C) A cultural trait - D) A form of conformity
Answer:
A) A social pathology
38.
What did Emile Durkheim suggest about the relationship between crime and social
change? - A)
Crime hinders social change - B) Crime has no impact on social change - C)
Crime promotes social change - D) Crime is unrelated to social change
Answer:
C) Crime promotes social change
39.
What is the term for a status that dominates and overrides other statuses,
often related to deviance? - A) Primary status - B) Secondary status - C) Master status -
D) Achieved status
Answer:
C) Master status
40.
According to symbolic interactionists, what is the relativity of deviance based
on? - A)
Absolute standards - B) Cultural norms - C) Individual perceptions - D) Legal
regulations
Answer:
C) Individual perceptions
41.
What term did Erving Goffman use to describe traits that cast people in a
negative light?
- A) Deviance - B) Stigma - C) Aberration - D) Peculiarity
Answer:
B) Stigma
42.
Which social control mechanism is influenced by personal convictions, morality,
and values? -
A) Internal control - B) Informal social control - C) Formal social control -
D) External control
Answer:
A) Internal control
43.
According to Howard Becker's career model of deviance, what happens when a
person internalizes a deviant identity? - A) They reject all societal norms - B) They become
immune to labels - C) Deviation becomes continuous and greater - D) They conform
to societal expectations
Answer:
C) Deviation becomes continuous and greater
44.
What is an example of a form of informal social control involving disgrace or
shame? - A)
Ostracism - B) Gossip - C) Ridicule - D) Shunning
Answer:
C) Ridicule
45.
What did Herbert Spencer consider deviance to be in the context of the
structural functionalist approach? - A) A form of conformity - B) A cultural trait - C) A
social pathology - D) A societal norm
Answer:
C) A social pathology
46.
What is the term for the type of deterrence that deters others from engaging in
similar deviant behavior? - A) General deterrence - B) Collective deterrence - C)
Specific deterrence - D) Individual deterrence
Answer:
A) General deterrence
47.
According to labeling theory, what does the label of "deviant" or
"criminal" contribute to? - A) Increased conformity - B) Decreased self-fulfilling
prophecy - C) Deviant identity and behavior - D) Resistance to societal norms
Answer:
C) Deviant identity and behavior
48.
What is the term for a person's internalization of the deviant identity to the
point of seeing themselves as generally abnormal? - A) Deviant labeling - B)
Role engulfment - C) Master status - D) Social stigma
Answer:
B) Role engulfment
49.
What is the primary focus of deterrence theory in the context of social
control? - A)
Encouraging conformity - B) Preventing crime through rehabilitation - C)
Avoiding punishment - D) Using punishment to prevent deviance
Answer:
D) Using punishment to prevent deviance
50.
What is the term for the negative sanction involving removing someone from
social acceptance or group membership? - A) Ridicule - B) Shunning - C) Ostracism - D)
Disapproval
Answer:
C) Ostracism
Short-Answer
Questions:
1.
What is deviance, as defined by sociologists?
· Answer: Deviance refers to any
violation of social norms, whether minor or major.
2.
According to symbolic interactionists, why is deviance considered relative?
· Answer: Deviance is considered
relative because what is deemed normal or abnormal can vary across different
social groups and cultures.
3.
How did Howard Becker contribute to the understanding of deviance?
· Answer: Howard Becker introduced
the concept of the "labeling theory," emphasizing how the labeling of
individuals as deviant can lead to the internalization of deviant identities.
4.
According to Emile Durkheim, what are the three key functions of deviance in
society?
· Answer: Clarifying moral
boundaries and affirming norms, promoting social unity, and fostering social change.
5.
What term did Erving Goffman use to describe traits that cast people in a
negative light?
· Answer: Stigma.
6.
Explain the concept of "master status" in the context of deviance.
· Answer: Master status is a
dominant and overriding status, often related to deviance, that shapes how an
individual is perceived in society.
7.
What are internal control mechanisms in the context of social control?
· Answer: Internal control
mechanisms refer to a person's internal sense of right and wrong, including
morality, values, and personal convictions.
8.
How does informal social control operate, and provide an example?
· Answer: Informal social control
operates through unofficial means like gossip, ridicule, or ostracism. An
example is a small community using gossip to deter deviant behavior.
9.
According to Herbert Spencer, how did he view deviance in the structural
functionalist approach?
· Answer: Herbert Spencer considered
deviance as a form of social pathology that could endanger society's survival.
10.
Differentiate between specific deterrence and general deterrence in deterrence
theory. -
Answer: Specific deterrence focuses on preventing an individual from repeating
a particular deviant behavior, while general deterrence aims to deter others
from engaging in similar behavior.
11.
What role does social control play in sociological studies, according to some
theorists? -
Answer: Social control is considered a crucial component of sociological
studies, with deterrence being its most crucial element.
12.
How does the relativity of deviance apply to societies and cultures? - Answer: Different social
groups and cultures have distinct norms, making behaviors considered normal by
one group deviant in another.
13.
Explain the concept of role engulfment in the career model of deviance. - Answer: Role engulfment
refers to the internalization of a deviant identity to the extent that it
dominates an individual's other statuses.
14.
What are some examples of informal social control mechanisms? - Answer: Gossip, ridicule,
and ostracism are examples of informal social control mechanisms.
15.
In the context of deviance, how did Emile Durkheim view the relationship
between crime and social change? - Answer: Durkheim suggested that crime, including
deviance, can promote social change by challenging and revising moral
guidelines.
16.
How can internalized social control be influenced, according to sociologists? - Answer: Internalized social
control can be influenced by factors such as religion, family upbringing, and
cultural norms.
17.
What is the term used for traits that cast individuals in a negative light, as
coined by Erving Goffman? - Answer: Stigma.
18.
How does deviance contribute to social unity, according to sociologist Emile
Durkheim? -
Answer: Deviance strengthens social unity by reinforcing the sense of
"we" among group members who uphold moral boundaries.
19.
According to Howard Becker's career model of deviance, what happens when an
individual internalizes a deviant label? - Answer: Deviation becomes continuous and greater, and
the individual may see themselves as generally abnormal.
20.
Provide an example of an external means of social control. - Answer: Laws, established
institutions, and social standards are examples of external means of social
control.
21.
According to the deterrence hypothesis, what characteristics make punishment
effective as a deterrent? - Answer: Punishment is effective as a deterrent when it is
viewed as certain, quick, and harsh.
22.
How can informal social control reinforce and complement formal social control? - Answer: Informal social
control, such as gossip or ridicule, can reinforce formal social control
measures when norms are broken.
23.
What is the significance of the relativity of deviance in the field of
sociology? -
Answer: The relativity of deviance highlights that what is considered normal or
deviant varies among different social groups and cultures.
24.
According to structural functionalism, what is one of the dysfunctions of
deviance? -
Answer: Deviance can lead to societal disarray and the collapse of social
structures.
25.
How does the concept of stigma contribute to the understanding of deviance? - Answer: Stigma involves
traits that cast individuals in a negative light, contributing to the labeling
and perception of individuals as deviant.
Long-Answer
Questions:
1.
Discuss Emile Durkheim's perspective on the functions of deviance in society. - Answer: Emile Durkheim
proposed three key functions of deviance: clarifying moral boundaries and
affirming norms, promoting social unity, and fostering social change. Deviance,
according to Durkheim, plays a crucial role in defining the moral limits of a
group, strengthening social bonds through the punishment of transgressors, and
contributing to social adaptation by challenging existing norms.
2.
Explain Howard Becker's career model of deviance and its emphasis on labeling. - Answer: Howard Becker's
career model of deviance emphasizes the process of labeling individuals as
deviant and the subsequent internalization of this label. Becker argued that
deviance is not inherent in the act itself but results from societal reactions
to the act. The labeled individual may internalize this deviant identity,
leading to continuous and greater deviation. This model highlights the social
construction of deviance and the impact of labeling on an individual's
self-perception and behavior.
3.
Describe the concept of internal control mechanisms and their role in social
cohesion. -
Answer: Internal control mechanisms refer to an individual's internal sense of
right and wrong, including morality, values, and personal convictions. In many
cases, people conform voluntarily to societal norms based on their internalized
sense of morality. Internal control mechanisms, influenced by factors such as
religion, family upbringing, and cultural norms, contribute to social cohesion
by directing individual behavior in alignment with shared values. While
effective in fostering conformity, internal control mechanisms can vary widely
among individuals.
4.
Discuss the significance of informal social control in deterring deviant
behavior. -
Answer: Informal social control involves unofficial means, such as gossip,
ridicule, or ostracism, to deter deviant behavior. These mechanisms operate
within small communities or groups where individuals know each other well.
Gossip, for example, can serve as a potent deterrent, influencing individuals
to adhere to societal norms. Ridicule and ostracism are powerful negative
sanctions that discourage deviation. Informal social control is particularly
effective in deterring minor deviations and reinforcing conformity to social
expectations.
5.
Explore the concept of identity as deviance, drawing on Howard Becker's
perspective. -
Answer: Howard Becker's concept of identity as deviance highlights how the
labeling of individuals as deviant can lead to role engulfment, where deviance
becomes a master status dominating other statuses. The internalization of a
deviant label may cause individuals to perceive themselves as generally
abnormal rather than deviant in relation to a specific behavior. This
self-fulfilling prophecy, termed "role engulfment," underscores the
transformative impact of labeling on an individual's identity and subsequent
behavior. Becker's perspective emphasizes the social construction of deviance
and its influence on shaping individuals' self-perceptions.
6.
Explain the dichotomy between internal and external means of social control. - Answer: Internal means of
social control are rooted in an individual's internal sense of morality,
values, and personal convictions. Religion, family upbringing, and cultural
norms contribute to these internal mechanisms. In contrast, external means of
social control involve external factors such as laws, established institutions,
and social standards. Governmental institutions and the judicial system act as
external mechanisms in many societies. While internal means focus on individuals
voluntarily conforming to societal norms, external means use external factors
to regulate behavior. Both internal and external means play roles in directing
behavior and maintaining social order.
7.
Analyze the concept of deterrence in social control, differentiating between
specific and general deterrence. - Answer: Deterrence theory posits that negative social
sanctions, especially punishment, deter deviant behavior. Specific deterrence
aims to prevent an individual from repeating a particular deviant act, while
general deterrence seeks to discourage others from engaging in similar
behavior. The effectiveness of deterrence is contingent on the perceived
certainty, swiftness, and severity of punishment. While specific deterrence is
focused on the individual offender, general deterrence addresses the broader
population. The death penalty is often cited as an example of specific
deterrence, although its effectiveness as a general deterrent is debated.
8.
Discuss the relativity of deviance and its implications for societies and
cultures. -
Answer: The relativity of deviance emphasizes that what is considered normal or
deviant can vary across different social groups and cultures. Societies and
cultures have distinct norms, and behaviors accepted by one group may be deemed
deviant by another. This relativity challenges the notion of universal deviance
and underscores the importance of considering cultural context when evaluating
behavior. The relativity of deviance highlights the dynamic nature of societal
norms and the need for a nuanced understanding of deviance that considers
cultural diversity.
9.
Explore the concept of social control as a crucial component of sociological
study, emphasizing deterrence. - Answer: Social control is considered a crucial component of
sociological study, with deterrence being a key focus. The deterrence
hypothesis suggests that negative social sanctions, particularly punishment,
deter individuals from deviant behavior. The certainty, swiftness, and severity
of punishment are crucial factors in deterrence. Theorists distinguish between
specific deterrence, preventing an individual from repeating a particular
behavior, and general deterrence, deterring others from similar actions. Ideal
social control methods should achieve both targeted and broad deterrence,
contributing to the maintenance of social order.
10. Discuss the dysfunctions of deviance in society, drawing on
Herbert Spencer's perspective. - Answer: Herbert Spencer viewed deviance as a form of social
pathology that could endanger society's survival. Deviance, including crime and
other social pathologies, was considered a problem affecting the entire social
organism. Spencer's structural functionalist approach to deviance laid the
theoretical foundation for strain theories. Deviance, when unchecked, was seen
as a threat to social cohesion and stability. This perspective underscores the
potential negative impacts of deviance, such as instilling fear, causing
societal disarray, and contributing to injustice. Addressing the underlying
causes of deviance is crucial to preventing its dysfunctions and mitigating
long-lasting impacts on society.
Lesson no 17:
1.
What is the focus of symbolic interactionism in understanding deviance?
· A) Biological factors
· B) Psychological factors
· C) Societal labels and
interactions
· D) Economic disparities
· Answer: C) Societal labels and
interactions
2.
What term does Edwin Sutherland use to describe how individuals learn to break
from or comply with social standards?
· A) Socialization
· B) Labeling
· C) Differential association
· D) Control theory
· Answer: C) Differential association
3.
According to Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, what influences an
individual's attitudes toward conformity or deviation?
· A) Genetic factors
· B) Personal experiences
· C) Group associations
· D) Economic status
· Answer: C) Group associations
4.
Which factor significantly influences whether an individual develops deviance
or compliance, according to the text?
· A) Economic status
· B) Family
· C) Political affiliation
· D) Religious beliefs
· Answer: B) Family
5.
What are the two control mechanisms opposing human desires to deviate,
according to control theory?
· A) Internalized morality and
friends
· B) External controls and societal
norms
· C) Internalized morality and
external controls
· D) Family bonds and self-esteem
· Answer: C) Internalized
morality and external controls
6.
Labelling theory emphasizes the impact of:
· A) Genetic factors on behavior
· B) Reputations on behavior
· C) Economic disparities on
behavior
· D) Educational background on
behavior
· Answer: B) Reputations on
behavior
7.
According to the functional perspective, how can deviance benefit society?
· A) By promoting social inequality
· B) By maintaining the status quo
· C) By reinforcing social norms or
promoting change
· D) By creating social disarray
· Answer: C) By reinforcing
social norms or promoting change
8.
What does strain theory focus on in understanding deviance?
· A) Biological factors
· B) Mainstream values and societal
goals
· C) Psychological abnormalities
· D) Conflict within social classes
· Answer: B) Mainstream values
and societal goals
9.
What is the main idea behind conformity, as per Merton's strain theory?
· A) Rejecting cultural goals and
institutionalized means
· B) Adopting culturally accepted
means to achieve cultural goals
· C) Embracing societal ideals but
using unethical methods
· D) Giving up on cultural
aspirations and adhering to moral standards
· Answer: B) Adopting culturally
accepted means to achieve cultural goals
10.
According to conflict theorists, how is the criminal justice system used by the
ruling class?
· A) To promote social equality
· B) As a means of social reform
· C) To oppress and maintain
dominance
· D) To support the working class
· Answer: C) To oppress and
maintain dominance
11.
What does the text suggest about social inequality and power, according to
conflict theorists?
· A) They are irrelevant in society
· B) They contribute to social
justice
· C) They are the main facets of
society
· D) They lead to economic
prosperity
· Answer: C) They are the main
facets of society
12.
Biological theories propose that criminal behavior is influenced by:
· A) Societal labels
· B) Genetic or physical makeup
· C) Labeling theory
· D) Social learning
· Answer: B) Genetic or physical
makeup
13.
According to psychological theories, what leads to criminal behavior?
· A) Biological factors
· B) Mental, emotional, or
personality abnormalities
· C) Social inequality
· D) Societal labels
· Answer: B) Mental, emotional,
or personality abnormalities
14.
What does Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggest about unresolved
conflicts in the unconscious mind?
· A) They lead to conformity
· B) They have no impact on behavior
· C) They lead to criminal behavior
· D) They promote social change
· Answer: C) They lead to
criminal behavior
15.
Social learning theory proposes that people pick up illegal behavior through:
· A) Genetic factors
· B) Unconscious conflicts
· C) Watching and imitating others
· D) Labeling processes
· Answer: C) Watching and
imitating others
16.
What is associated with a higher likelihood of mental illnesses and criminal
behavior, according to certain studies in Pakistan?
· A) Genetic factors
· B) Social inequality
· C) Psychological abnormalities
· D) Economic prosperity
· Answer: B) Social inequality
17.
What is the term used to describe a ritual intended to change a person's
identity by erasing their self-identification and imprinting a new identity?
· A) Deviant ceremony
· B) Labeling ceremony
· C) Conformity ceremony
· D) Degradation ceremony
· Answer: D) Degradation ceremony
18.
According to differential association theory, what do various groups provide
individuals with?
· A) Genetic traits
· B) Differential norms
· C) Differential associations
· D) Control mechanisms
· Answer: C) Differential
associations
19.
How does conformity, as per Merton's strain theory, relate to cultural
objectives and means?
· A) Rejecting both cultural
objectives and means
· B) Accepting cultural objectives
and using unethical means
· C) Adhering strictly to cultural
objectives
· D) Adopting culturally accepted
means to achieve cultural objectives
· Answer: D) Adopting culturally
accepted means to achieve cultural objectives
20.
What is the term for the frustration individuals experience when they want to
succeed but face obstacles, according to Merton's strain theory?
· A) Anomie
· B) Rebellion
· C) Ritualism
· D) Innovation
· Answer: A) Anomie
21.
According to conflict theorists, what can the criminal justice system's focus
on street crimes be attributed to?
· A) Social reform
· B) Promoting justice
· C) Maintaining social order
· D) Protecting the ruling class's
interests
· Answer: D) Protecting the
ruling class's interests
22.
What does the text propose as a potential drawback of the functional
perspective on deviance?
· A) Social inequity
· B) Promoting societal unrest
· C) Disregarding the benefits of
deviance
· D) Disarray in social norms
· Answer: C) Disregarding the
benefits of deviance
23.
What is Cesare Lombroso's theory regarding criminals as "throwbacks"
to earlier periods in human evolution called?
· A) Psychoanalytic theory
· B) Differential association theory
· C) Atavism theory
· D) Social learning theory
· Answer: C) Atavism theory
24.
According to psychological theories, what may contribute to a higher likelihood
of criminal behavior?
· A) Economic prosperity
· B) Genetic factors
· C) Political affiliation
· D) High levels of poverty and
social inequality
· Answer: D) High levels of
poverty and social inequality
25.
In the context of social control, what does internalized or voluntary social
control rely on?
· A) External sanctions
· B) Government regulations
· C) Morality, values, and personal
convictions
· D) Legal punishments
· Answer: C) Morality, values,
and personal convictions
26.
What term does symbolic interactionism emphasize in understanding deviance?
· A) Economic factors
· B) Societal labels and
interactions
· C) Biological traits
· D) Psychological characteristics
· Answer: B) Societal labels and
interactions
27.
According to the conflict perspective, what is the criminal justice system
primarily used for?
· A) Promoting social equality
· B) Oppressing the ruling class
· C) Facilitating social reform
· D) Protecting the working class
· Answer: B) Oppressing the
ruling class
28.
What does the term "atavism" refer to in biological theories of crime
and deviance?
· A) Genetic predisposition to crime
· B) Unconscious conflicts
· C) Throwback to earlier
evolutionary periods
· D) Social learning processes
· Answer: C) Throwback to earlier
evolutionary periods
29.
How do individuals learn to break from or comply with social standards,
according to Edwin Sutherland's theory?
· A) Through genetic predisposition
· B) Through unconscious conflicts
· C) Through differential
association with groups
· D) Through legal sanctions
· Answer: C) Through differential
association with groups
30.
According to labeling theory, what can labels such as "deviant" do to
individuals?
· A) Have no impact on behavior
· B) Reinforce conformity
· C) Open doors of opportunity
· D) Influence behavior and
self-perception
· Answer: D) Influence behavior
and self-perception
31.
What does the text identify as one of the internal regulators opposing human
desires to deviate in control theory?
· A) External controls
· B) Legal sanctions
· C) Internalized morality and
values
· D) Social norms
· Answer: C) Internalized
morality and values
32.
In control theory, what forms the external controls that influence individuals
to stay on course?
· A) Legal institutions
· B) Government regulations
· C) Family, friends, and police
· D) Societal norms
· Answer: C) Family, friends, and
police
33.
According to symbolic interactionism, what is a fundamental tenet regarding
human behavior?
· A) Genetic determinism
· B) Unconscious conflicts
· C) Societal labels and
interactions
· D) Biological predispositions
· Answer: C) Societal labels and
interactions
34.
How does the functional perspective view deviation in terms of societal
benefits?
· A) As a source of social inequity
· B) As a promoter of societal
unrest
· C) As a reinforcement of social
norms
· D) As a factor leading to disarray
in social structures
· Answer: C) As a reinforcement
of social norms
35.
According to strain theory, what is the term for a lack of feeling of norm when
conventional standards seem unjustified?
· A) Ritualism
· B) Conformity
· C) Anomie
· D) Innovation
· Answer: C) Anomie
36.
What is the primary focus of conflict theorists regarding the criminal justice
system?
· A) Promoting justice
· B) Maintaining social order
· C) Oppressing the ruling class
· D) Protecting the working class
· Answer: C) Oppressing the
ruling class
37.
According to symbolic interactionism, what do individuals learn based on their
group affiliations?
· A) Genetic traits
· B) Internalized controls
· C) Societal norms
· D) Unconscious conflicts
· Answer: C) Societal norms
38.
How do labeling theory and degradation ceremonies influence individuals?
· A) Reinforce conformity
· B) Have no impact on behavior
· C) Influence behavior and
self-perception
· D) Encourage innovation
· Answer: C) Influence behavior
and self-perception
39.
What does symbolic interactionism emphasize in understanding deviance?
· A) Economic factors
· B) Societal labels and
interactions
· C) Biological traits
· D) Psychological characteristics
· Answer: B) Societal labels and interactions
40.
According to the conflict perspective, what is the criminal justice system
primarily used for?
· A) Promoting social equality
· B) Oppressing the ruling class
· C) Facilitating social reform
· D) Protecting the working class
· Answer: B) Oppressing the
ruling class
Short Answer
Questions:
1.
What is deviance, as defined by sociologists?
·
Answer:
Deviance is any breach of social norms, whether trivial or significant.
2.
According to Emile Durkheim, what are the three key functions of
deviance in society?
·
Answer:
Clarifying moral boundaries, promoting social unity, and fostering social
change.
3.
Explain Howard Becker's concept of "role engulfment" in the
context of deviance.
·
Answer:
Role engulfment occurs when individuals internalize a deviant identity to the
extent that it dominates other aspects of their self-perception.
4.
What are the internal means of social control, according to
sociologists?
·
Answer:
Internal means of control include internalized morality, values, personal
convictions, and conscience.
5.
How does labeling theory influence an individual's behavior and
self-perception?
·
Answer:
Labels, through processes like degradation ceremonies, can shape an
individual's behavior and self-concept, either leading them toward or away from
deviance.
6.
Define anomie in the context of strain theory.
·
Answer:
Anomie is a state of normlessness or a lack of feeling of norm when conventional
standards seem unjustified.
7.
According to control theory, what are the two control mechanisms
opposing human desires to deviate?
·
Answer:
Internalized morality and values (conscience, religious beliefs) and external
controls (family, friends, police).
8.
How do informal social control procedures, like gossip, contribute to
deterring deviant behavior?
·
Answer:
Informal controls, such as gossip, ridicule, or ostracism, serve as powerful
deterrents by influencing social acceptance and group membership.
9.
What does symbolic interactionism emphasize in understanding
deviance?
·
Answer:
Symbolic interactionism focuses on how individuals learn and interpret societal
norms based on their group affiliations.
10.
Explain the concept of "ritualism" in Merton's strain theory.
·
Answer:
Ritualism is one of the deviant paths where individuals give up on achieving
cultural goals but continue to strictly adhere to accepted moral standards.
11.
How does the conflict perspective view the role of the criminal justice
system?
·
Answer:
Conflict theorists argue that the criminal justice system is a tool of
oppression used by the ruling class to maintain dominance.
12.
Define differential association theory in the context of symbolic
interactionism.
·
Answer:
Differential association theory states that individuals learn to deviate or
conform based on the groups they associate with, sending signals about
conformity and deviation.
13.
What are the dysfunctions of deviance, as mentioned in the text?
·
Answer:
Deviance can instill dread and insecurity, cause societal disarray, collapse of
social structures, and result in injustice and prejudice.
14.
According to control theory, how does self-control relate to deviant
behavior?
·
Answer:
Self-control, according to control theory, is crucial for resisting deviant
behavior, and high levels of self-control are developed through socialization.
15.
How does symbolic interactionism challenge theories rooted in socio-biology
or psychology?
·
Answer:
Symbolic interactionism challenges deterministic views by emphasizing that
individuals act based on how they perceive the world and their group
affiliations.
16.
What is the main focus of the conflict perspective regarding social
inequality and power?
·
Answer:
Conflict theorists emphasize that social inequality and power are the main
facets of society, with the criminal justice system used to maintain the ruling
class's dominance.
17.
Explain the concept of "innovators" in Merton's strain theory.
·
Answer:
Innovators are individuals who accept societal goals but employ unethical
methods to achieve them, such as using criminal means to pursue wealth.
18.
What does labeling theory suggest about the influence of reputations on
behavior?
·
Answer:
Labeling theory suggests that reputations given to individuals influence their
behavior, either leading them toward deviance or conformity.
19.
According to biological theories, what role does a person's physical or
genetic make-up play in criminal behavior?
·
Answer:
Biological theories suggest that certain biological characteristics may incline
individuals toward criminal behavior.
20.
In the context of symbolic interactionism, how do individuals perceive
themselves as deviant?
·
Answer:
Individuals may perceive themselves as deviant when societal labels and
reputations cast them in a negative light, influencing self-perception.
21.
Define "ritualistic" response in Merton's strain theory.
·
Answer:
Ritualistic response involves individuals who continue to strictly adhere to
accepted moral standards despite giving up on achieving cultural goals.
22.
How does the conflict perspective view the criminal justice system's treatment
of the working class and the underclass?
·
Answer:
Conflict theorists argue that the criminal justice system disproportionately
punishes the working class and the underclass, considering them a threat to the
social order.
23.
What is the key focus of biological theories in explaining criminal
behavior?
·
Answer:
Biological theories focus on the role of a person's physical or genetic make-up
in predisposing them to criminal behavior.
24.
According to symbolic interactionism, how does group affiliation influence
behavior?
·
Answer:
Group affiliation in symbolic interactionism influences behavior by shaping how
individuals learn and interpret societal norms.
25.
Explain the concept of "retreatism" in Merton's strain theory.
·
Answer:
Retreatism is one of the deviant paths where individuals reject both
institutionalized means and cultural objectives, often turning to substances
like drugs or alcohol as coping mechanisms.
Long Answer
Questions:
1.
Discuss Emile Durkheim's perspective on the functions of deviance in
society.
·
Answer:
Emile Durkheim argued that deviance serves three key functions in society.
Firstly, deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms by testing the
limits of a group's beliefs. Secondly, it promotes social unity by reinforcing
the righteousness of accepted norms and strengthening the sense of
"we" among group members. Lastly, deviance can lead to social change
by challenging conventional wisdom and fostering the revision of moral
guidelines.
2.
Examine Howard Becker's model of deviance as a process of labeling
and the internalization of deviant identity.
·
Answer:
Howard Becker's model suggests that deviance is not inherent in specific
behaviors but rather results from societal reactions to those behaviors.
Individuals labeled as deviant may internalize this identity, leading to
continuous and greater deviation. Becker emphasizes how deviance can become a
master status, dominating other social positions individuals hold. Edwin Schur
further expanded on this concept, discussing how people may internalize a
general deviant identity, influencing subsequent behavior.
3.
Explore the three deviant paths outlined in Robert Merton's strain
theory and provide examples of each.
·
Answer: In
Merton's strain theory, individuals face strain when their desired goals are
obstructed. The first path is conformity, where individuals accept societal
goals and use socially accepted means to achieve them. The other deviant paths
include innovation (using unethical means to achieve societal goals), ritualism
(strict adherence to accepted means despite giving up on achieving goals), and
retreatism (rejecting both cultural goals and institutionalized means).
Rebellion represents a unique response where individuals reject societal goals
and means, striving to establish new objectives and methods.
4.
Discuss how symbolic interactionism challenges biological and
psychological theories of deviance.
·
Answer:
Symbolic interactionism challenges deterministic views by emphasizing that
individuals act based on their perceptions of the world and their group
affiliations. It rejects biological or psychological determinism and focuses on
how societal labels and interactions shape behavior. Differential association
theory, within symbolic interactionism, asserts that deviance is learned
through associations, countering biological or psychological explanations.
Symbolic interactionism shifts the focus from inherent traits to the social context,
highlighting the importance of group influence and interpretation of societal
norms.
5.
Explain the concept of internal and external controls in control
theory and their role in preventing deviant behavior.
·
Answer:
Control theory, proposed by Walter Reckless, posits two control mechanisms
opposing human desires to deviate. Internal controls include an individual's
internalized morality, conscience, religious beliefs, and concepts of right and
wrong. External controls encompass societal influences like family, friends,
and the police. The closer individuals are to society, the more effective these
controls become. Bonds formed through attachments, commitments, involvements,
and beliefs serve as external controls, preventing deviant behavior by
encouraging conformity to social norms.
6.
Explore the role of symbolic interactionism in understanding how
family, friends, and neighborhoods contribute to deviance.
·
Answer:
Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of social groups in shaping
behavior. In the context of deviance, family, friends, and neighborhoods play
crucial roles. Differential association theory, within symbolic interactionism,
argues that individuals learn to deviate or conform based on the groups they
associate with. Families, in particular, significantly influence whether
individuals develop deviant or compliant behavior. Neighborhoods and
subcultures can also foster deviant behavior, creating an environment where
certain behaviors are normalized. The perception of labels within these social
groups influences individuals' attitudes towards deviation and conformity.
7.
Evaluate the functional perspective's contention that deviance can be
functional for society, considering its potential benefits and criticisms.
·
Answer:
The functional perspective suggests that deviance can benefit society by
promoting change or reinforcing social norms. Deviance, in some instances, may
challenge unjust systems or serve as a safety valve for societal tensions.
However, criticisms abound, emphasizing the negative effects of deviance, such
as social inequity and disorder. Balancing the potential benefits against
drawbacks is crucial. For example, while protesting against government
corruption might be considered useful, it can also lead to bloodshed and
societal unrest.
8.
Examine the role of biological theories in explaining criminal
behavior, including Cesare Lombroso's atavism theory and genetic influences.
·
Answer:
Biological theories posit that a person's physical or genetic makeup plays a
role in criminal behavior. Cesare Lombroso's atavism theory suggested that
criminals are "throwbacks" to earlier stages of human evolution,
indicating physical traits associated with criminal tendencies. Genetic factors
are also considered, with research suggesting a link between genetic variables
and violent crime rates. Biological theories, however, have faced criticism for
oversimplifying the complex interplay between genetics and environmental
factors in influencing criminal behavior.
9.
Discuss psychological theories of crime and deviance, including
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory.
·
Answer:
Psychological theories attribute criminal behavior to mental, emotional, or
personality abnormalities. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that
unresolved conflicts in the unconscious mind lead to criminal behavior. Social
learning theory, on the other hand, posits that people pick up illegal behavior
through observing and imitating others. Poverty and social inequality have been
associated with higher rates of mental illnesses and criminal behavior,
according to certain studies. Psychological theories emphasize the role of
individual psychology in understanding deviance.
10.
Examine the conflict perspective's view on the criminal justice system as a
tool of oppression, considering its role in maintaining social order.
·
Answer: Conflict
theorists argue that social inequality and power dynamics are central to
society. They view the criminal justice system as a tool used by the ruling
class to maintain its dominance and privilege. The system, they assert, is not
impartial but designed to protect the interests of the powerful. Working-class
individuals, being a potential threat to the status quo, face harsh punishment,
while the abuses of the capitalist class often go unchecked. The criminal
justice system is seen as a means of social control, stabilizing the social
order by punishing perceived threats, rather than a mechanism for promoting
justice or addressing the root causes of deviance.
Lesson no 18:
1. What is the focus
of sociobiologists when explaining deviant behavior?
· a) Economic factors
· b) Genetic predispositions
· c) Cultural influences
· d) Environmental conditions
· Answer: b) Genetic
predispositions
2. According to
sociobiologists, which of the following is NOT one of the hypotheses explaining
criminal behavior?
· a) Body type
· b) Intelligence
· c) The "XYY" theory
· d) Blood type
· Answer: d) Blood type
3. Which chromosome
theory suggests an extra Y chromosome in males leads to criminality?
· a) XYX theory
· b) XX theory
· c) XYY theory
· d) XYZ theory
· Answer: c) XYY theory
4. What criticism is
mentioned regarding genetic explanations of criminal behavior?
· a) Most individuals with low IQ
commit crimes.
· b) Genetic traits have a direct
and unavoidable link to criminal behavior.
· c) The majority of those with the
XYY combination commit crimes.
· d) Criminals come in all shapes
and sizes.
· Answer: d) Criminals come in
all shapes and sizes.
5. Psychological
theories of crime focus on:
· a) Social structures
· b) Environmental factors
· c) Personality disorders
· d) Economic disparities
· Answer: c) Personality
disorders
6. According to
psychological theories, what is NOT always associated with deviation?
· a) "Bad toilet training"
· b) "Suffocating mothers"
· c) "Emotionally aloof
fathers"
· d) "Good academic
performance"
· Answer: d) "Good academic
performance"
7. What does juvenile
crime refer to?
· a) Crimes committed by young
adults
· b) Crimes committed by elderly
individuals
· c) Crimes committed by people of
younger age
· d) Crimes committed by law
enforcement
· Answer: c) Crimes committed by
people of younger age
8. Which category of
crime entails crimes against people and is considered the most dangerous?
· a) Juvenile crime
· b) Violent crime
· c) Property crime
· d) White collar crime
· Answer: b) Violent crime
9. What crime is
defined as stealing from a person using force or the threat of force?
· a) Larceny-theft
· b) Burglary
· c) Robbery
· d) Arson
· Answer: c) Robbery
10. Which property crime involves illegal access with the
intent to steal?
· a) Larceny-theft
· b) Burglary
· c) Motor theft
· d) Arson
· Answer: b) Burglary
11. What term is used to describe nonviolent crimes committed
by people in positions of authority or control?
· a) Violent crime
· b) Property crime
· c) White collar crime
· d) Blue collar crime
· Answer: c) White collar crime
12. Which sociologist first used the term "white-collar
crime" to describe crimes committed by the well-to-do?
· a) Robert Merton
· b) Emile Durkheim
· c) Edwin Sutherland
· d) Karl Marx
· Answer: c) Edwin Sutherland
13. What is a particular type of white-collar crime involving
offenses committed by executives for the profit of their company?
· a) Corporate crime
· b) Insider trading
· c) Money laundering
· d) Securities fraud
· Answer: a) Corporate crime
14. What is the primary focus of white-collar crime in
Pakistan, as mentioned in the text?
· a) Robbery and burglary
· b) Drug trafficking
· c) Commercial and government
corruption
· d) Terrorism
· Answer: c) Commercial and
government corruption
15. According to sociobiologists, what does the
"XYY" theory suggest about criminality?
· a) An extra Y chromosome leads to
intelligence.
· b) An extra Y chromosome leads to
criminality.
· c) An extra X chromosome leads to
criminality.
· d) An extra Z chromosome leads to
criminality.
· Answer: b) An extra Y
chromosome leads to criminality.
16. What is NOT a criticism mentioned in the text regarding
sociobiological explanations of criminal behavior?
· a) Most individuals with low IQ do
not commit crimes.
· b) Criminals come in various
shapes and sizes.
· c) Genetic traits have an
unavoidable link to criminal behavior.
· d) The majority of XYY individuals
do not commit crimes.
· Answer: c) Genetic traits have
an unavoidable link to criminal behavior.
17. What is a critique of psychological theories of crime
mentioned in the text?
· a) Deviant personalities are not
present in deviant people.
· b) Childhood events always lead to
deviant behavior.
· c) Suppressed anger always results
in criminality.
· d) Personality disorders have a
direct link to genetics.
· Answer: a) Deviant
personalities are not present in deviant people.
18. What is a key feature of personality disorders according
to psychologists?
· a) A direct link to genetics
· b) A specific childhood event as
the cause
· c) A range of negative and
positive childhood experiences
· d) A link to economic disparities
· Answer: c) A range of negative
and positive childhood experiences.
19. What does property crime involve?
· a) Crimes against people
· b) Crimes involving deception
· c) Crimes against properties
· d) Nonviolent crimes committed by
people in authority
· Answer: c) Crimes against
properties
20. What is NOT considered a violent crime?
· a) Robbery
· b) Burglary
· c) Aggravated assault
· d) Forcible rape
· Answer: b) Burglary
21. Which term is used to describe stealing anything worth
more than $100?
· a) Larceny-theft
· b) Robbery
· c) Burglary
· d) Arson
· Answer: a) Larceny-theft
22. What is the focus of sociobiologists when explaining
deviant behavior?
· a) Economic factors
· b) Genetic predispositions
· c) Cultural influences
· d) Environmental conditions
· Answer: b) Genetic
predispositions
23. What is a specific example of white-collar crime
mentioned in the text?
· a) Armed robbery
· b) Drug trafficking
· c) Insider trading
· d) Aggravated assault
· Answer: c) Insider trading
24. What does juvenile crime refer to?
· a) Crimes committed by young
adults
· b) Crimes committed by elderly
individuals
· c) Crimes committed by people of
younger age
· d) Crimes committed by law
enforcement
· Answer: c) Crimes committed by
people of younger age
25. What is the term for crimes committed by executives for
the profit of their company?
· a) Corporate crime
· b) Insider trading
· c) Money laundering
· d) Securities fraud
· Answer: a) Corporate crime
1. What is the primary focus of Symbolic
Interactionism in explaining deviance?
a. Biological factors
b. Psychological traits
c. Social interactions and group affiliations
d. Economic disparities
Answer: c. Social interactions and group
affiliations
2. According to Differential
Association Theory, how do individuals learn to conform or deviate from
social
standards?
a. Genetic predispositions
b. Personal experiences in communities and groups
c. Psychological disorders
d. Economic status
Answer: b. Personal experiences in communities
and
groups
3. In Control
Theory, what are
the two
control mechanisms opposing human desires to deviate?
a. Economic factors and genetic controls
b. Internalized morality and external controls
c. Political affiliations and social norms
d. Emotional stability and peer influence
Answer: b. Internalized morality and external
controls
4. How does Labeling
Theory
explain
deviant behavior?
a. Emphasizing genetic predispositions
b. Focusing on psychological disorders
c. Highlighting the importance of reputations and labels
d. Ignoring social influences
Answer: c. Highlighting the importance of
reputations
and labels
5. According to the
Functional
Perspective,
how can deviance be functional for society?
a. By promoting social inequality
b. By reinforcing chaos and disorder
c. By contributing to social change or reinforcing social
norms
d. By encouraging criminal behavior
Answer: c. By contributing to social change or
reinforcing
social norms
6. What is the
central idea of
Strain
Theory in the Functional Perspective?
a. Mainstream values lead to conformity
b. Deviance is abnormal and must be eradicated
c. Societal expectations for success can create strain
d. Deviance is always dysfunctional for society
Answer: c. Societal expectations for success
can
create strain
7. According to
Conflict
Theorists,
how is the criminal justice system used by the ruling class?
a. To promote justice and equality
b. As a tool of oppression to maintain dominance
c. To ignore corporate crimes
d. To encourage social upheaval
Answer: b. As a tool of oppression to maintain
dominance
8. What do
Biological Theories
of Crime
emphasize as a factor in criminal behavior?
a. Social interactions
b. Genetic and physical makeup
c. Economic disparities
d. Psychological disorders
Answer:
b. Genetic and physical makeup
9. According to
Psychological
Theories,
what leads to criminal behavior?
a. Genetic predispositions
b. Social interactions
c. Mental, emotional, or personality abnormalities
d. Economic factors
Answer: c. Mental, emotional, or personality
abnormalities
Short
Answer Questions:
1. Define Juvenile Crime.
· Answer: Juvenile crime refers to criminal activities committed
by individuals who are of younger age, typically below the legal adult age.
2. Name three
examples of
Violent
Crimes.
· Answer: Three examples of violent crimes include robbery,
aggravated assault, and forcible rape.
3. What is the
primary focus
of Property
Crime?
· Answer: The primary focus of property crime is offenses against
property, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor theft, and arson.
4. Define White Collar Crime.
· Answer: White collar crime refers to nonviolent crimes committed
by individuals in positions of authority or control during the course of their
professional or business activities.
5. Who coined the
term
"white-collar
crime"?
· Answer: The term "white-collar crime" was coined by
sociologist Edwin Sutherland.
6. Give an example
of a crime
associated
with white collar crime.
· Answer: Fraud is an example of a white-collar crime where
individuals engage in deceptive practices for financial gain.
7. What is the
central idea of
Strain
Theory?
· Answer: The central idea of Strain Theory is that societal
expectations for success can create strain when individuals face obstacles in
achieving cultural goals through legitimate means.
8. Name two
responses to
strain
according to Strain Theory.
· Answer: Two responses to strain according to Strain Theory are
innovation (using unconventional means) and retreatism (rejecting both cultural
goals and institutionalized means).
9. How does Labeling
Theory
explain
deviant behavior?
· Answer: Labeling Theory posits that labels and reputations
influence behavior, pushing individuals toward conformity or deviance based on
how society perceives and labels them.
10. What does
Sociobiology
emphasize
as a cause of deviance?
· Answer: Sociobiology emphasizes genetic predispositions as a
cause of deviance.
11. Define Corporate Crime.
· Answer: Corporate crime refers to offenses committed by
executives for the benefit of their company, often involving fraud, insider
trading, or other white-collar crimes.
12. Give an example
of a
property
crime.
· Answer: Burglary is an example of a property crime, involving
illegal access to a property with the intent to steal.
13. How do conflict
theorists
view the
role of the criminal justice system?
· Answer: Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as a
tool of oppression used by the ruling class to maintain dominance and protect
their interests.
14. What are the
potential
benefits of
deviation according to the functional perspective?
· Answer: According to the functional perspective, potential
benefits of deviation include promoting social change and reinforcing social
norms.
15. Name two control
mechanisms
in Control
Theory opposing human desires to deviate.
· Answer: Two control mechanisms in Control Theory are
internalized morality (self-control) and external controls (social
constraints).
16. Give an example
of a
violent
crime.
· Answer: Aggravated assault is an example of a violent crime,
involving intentionally causing severe bodily harm or using a deadly weapon.
17. What is the
focus of
Psychological
Theories of Crime?
· Answer: Psychological theories of crime focus on individual
aberrations, particularly personality disorders, and subconscious motivations
as causes of deviant behavior.
18. Name three
examples of
property
crimes.
· Answer: Three examples of property crimes include burglary,
larceny-theft, and arson.
19. Define Violent Crime.
· Answer: Violent crime is a category of crime that entails
offenses against people, involving force or the threat of force.
20. What
distinguishes white
collar
crime from street crimes?
· Answer: White collar crime is distinguished by being nonviolent
and committed by individuals in positions of authority, while street crimes
involve violence and are often associated with lower socioeconomic classes.
21. According to
Conflict
Theorists,
how does corporate crime contribute to social inequality?
· Answer: Conflict theorists argue that corporate crime
contributes to social inequality by reflecting the exploitation and abuses of
the capitalist class.
22. Name a key
critique of
psychological
theories of crime.
· Answer: A key critique of psychological theories of crime is
that no specific personality trait is exclusively linked to deviation,
highlighting the complexity of deviant behavior.
23. What does the
strain theory
within the
functional perspective suggest about societal expectations?
· Answer: The strain theory suggests that societal expectations
for success and achievement can create strain when individuals face obstacles
in accessing legitimate means to achieve cultural goals.
24. What is the
primary
characteristic
of property crime?
· Answer: The primary characteristic of property crime is that it
involves nonviolent offenses against property.
25. Who are the
typical
offenders
in white collar crime?
· Answer: Typical offenders in white collar crime are individuals
in positions of authority or control, often in professional or business
settings.
Long
Answer Questions:
1. Explain the sociobiological
perspective on deviant behavior, focusing on the hypotheses proposed by
sociobiologists.
The sociobiological perspective seeks to explain deviant
behavior by examining genetic predispositions. According
to sociobiologists
like Lombroso and Wilson/Herrnstein, several hypotheses
attempt to link
genetics
to criminal behavior.
· Body Type: Sociobiologists
propose that individuals with a "squarish, muscular" physique are
more prone to commit street crime, such as mugging, rape, and burglary.
· Intelligence: Low
intelligence is suggested to lead to criminality, implying a direct link
between cognitive abilities and criminal behavior.
· The "XYY" Theory:
This theory proposes that an extra Y chromosome in males leads to criminality,
suggesting a genetic factor in deviance.
However, it's crucial to note that these hypotheses face
criticism. Most individuals with the alleged causal
traits do not necessarily become
criminals. For example, many people with low IQ do not
engage in criminal
behavior, and the majority of those with the XYY
chromosome combination do not
become offenders. The critique highlights the complexity
of deviant behavior
and
the inadequacy of genetic explanations alone.
2. Discuss the
psychological
theories of
crime, emphasizing the role of personality disorders.
Psychological theories of crime focus on individual
aberrations,
particularly personality disorders. Psychologists suggest
that deviant
personalities are present in deviant individuals, and
these personalities
result
from subconscious motivations.
However, it's essential to recognize that there is no
specific
childhood event always associated with deviation.
Childhood experiences, such
as "bad toilet training," "suffocating
mothers," or
"emotionally aloof fathers," are not
deterministic factors leading to
criminal behavior. Individuals with a range of positive
and negative childhood
experiences
can exhibit deviant or non-deviant behavior.
One key critique of psychological theories is that no
specific
personality trait is exclusively linked to deviation.
Deviant behavior is
complex, influenced by various factors, and not solely
determined by specific
personality
traits.
3. Define and
elaborate on the
concept of white-collar crime, including its association with
socioeconomic
circumstances
and examples from Pakistan.
White-collar crime refers to nonviolent crimes committed
by
individuals in positions of authority or control, often
in a professional or
business setting. This term, coined by sociologist Edwin
Sutherland, highlights
crimes committed by respectable and well-to-do
individuals in the course of
their
occupations.
The crime patterns of more affluent classes mirror their
socioeconomic circumstances. Examples of white-collar
crime include fraud,
theft, insider trading, income tax evasion, bribery, and
embezzlement. Unlike
street crimes such as robbery or burglary, white-collar
crimes are
characterized
by their nonviolent nature.
In Pakistan, white-collar crime is often linked to
commercial
and government corruption. The 2017 Panama Papers leak
implicated several
prominent officials and businessmen in white-collar
offenses, shedding light on
the
connection between corruption and white-collar crime in the country.
4. Distinguish
between
different types of crime, specifically focusing on violent crime and
property
crime.
Provide examples for each.
Violent Crime: Violent crimes entail
offenses against individuals and are considered the most
dangerous category.
Examples
include:
· Robbery: Stealing from a
person using force or the threat of force.
· Aggravated Assault:
Intentionally causing severe bodily harm or using a deadly weapon.
· Forcible Rape:
Non-consensual sexual intercourse achieved through force or threat.
Property Crime: Property crimes,
though
less physically threatening, are more common. Examples include:
· Burglary: Illegal access
with the intent to steal from a property.
· Larceny-Theft: Stealing
anything worth more than a specified amount (e.g., $100).
· Motor Theft: Stealing a
motor vehicle.
· Arson: Intentionally
starting a fire to cause damage.
While violent crimes capture attention due to their
severity,
property crimes are more prevalent and diverse,
encompassing a range of
unlawful
activities against properties.
5. Explore the
sociological
concept of corporate crime, emphasizing its association with the
capitalist
class and
its impact on the criminal justice system.
Corporate crime refers to offenses committed by
executives for
the benefit of their company. Conflict theorists argue
that social inequality
and power dynamics are inherent in society, and corporate
crime exemplifies the
exploitation
by the capitalist class.
The capitalist class, seeking to maintain its dominance,
uses
the criminal justice system as a tool of oppression.
While street crimes
committed by the working class receive severe punishment,
corporate crimes
often go unnoticed or result in less stringent
consequences. The legal system,
they
argue, serves to protect the privileged position of the ruling class.
Media attention to a gross offense committed by a member
of the
capitalist class may provide a semblance of fairness in
the criminal justice
system, contributing to social system stabilization.
However, the focus on
street crimes obscures the systemic abuses of the
capitalist class, such as
producing
unsafe products, causing pollution, and manipulating prices.
6. Evaluate the
functional
perspective on deviance, discussing how deviation can be functional for
society.
Consider both potential benefits and drawbacks.
According to the functional perspective, deviation can
have both
benefits and drawbacks for society. Deviance is viewed as
a normal and
functional component of society, contributing to social
change and reinforcing
social
norms.
Potential Benefits of
Deviation:
· Promoting Change: Deviant
acts, such as protests against government corruption, can be catalysts for
positive societal changes.
· Reinforcing Social Norms:
Deviant behavior can highlight the importance of conforming to societal rules
by contrasting with acceptable norms.
Drawbacks
of Deviation:
· Social Inequity: Deviation
can lead to social inequality, especially when deviant acts contribute to
violence or unrest.
· Disarray: Certain forms of
deviation, like criminal behavior, can result in societal disarray and
instability.
Balancing the potential benefits and drawbacks, the
functional
perspective suggests that promoting a just and equitable
society requires
careful
consideration of the consequences of deviant behavior.
7. Discuss the
strain theory
within the functional perspective, explaining how mainstream values can
produce
deviance.
The strain theory, within the functional perspective,
posits
that mainstream values can lead to deviance. Sociologists
like Robert Merton
recognized that societal expectations for success and
achievement can create
strain when individuals face obstacles in accessing
institutionalized means for
achieving
cultural goals.
Merton
identified five possible responses to the strain:
· Conformity: Attempting to
achieve cultural objectives through socially accepted means.
· Innovation: Accepting
societal goals but using unconventional or unethical means to achieve them.
· Ritualism: Giving up on
achieving cultural aspirations but adhering strictly to accepted moral
standards.
· Retreatism: Rejecting both
institutionalized means and cultural objectives.
· Rebellion: Rejecting
societal goals and means while proposing new objectives and ways to achieve
them.
Strain theory highlights the pressure individuals
experience
when aspiring to cultural goals without adequate access
to legitimate means,
leading
to various deviant responses.
8. Explain how
labeling theory
influences
behavior and contributes to the perpetuation of deviance.
Labeling theory posits that labels and reputations
influence
behavior, pushing individuals toward conformity or
deviance based on how
society perceives and labels them. Once an individual is
labeled as deviant,
society's
reaction may contribute to the perpetuation of deviance.
· Primary Deviance: The
initial act of deviance that leads to the application of a deviant label.
· Secondary Deviance:
Subsequent deviant behavior resulting from the societal reaction to the primary
deviance.
The labeled individual may internalize the deviant
identity,
leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy where their
behavior aligns with the
imposed label. The societal response can isolate
individuals, pushing them
further
into deviant subcultures and reinforcing their deviant status.
9. Discuss the
impact of
white-collar crime on society, highlighting its consequences and
challenges in
prosecution.
White-collar crime, characterized by nonviolent offenses
committed by individuals in positions of authority, has
significant impacts on
society. Consequences include financial losses, erosion
of trust in
institutions,
and economic inequality.
Challenges
in Prosecution:
· Complexity: White-collar
crimes often involve intricate financial schemes, making them challenging to
investigate and prosecute.
· Legal Defenses:
Perpetrators may employ legal defenses, exploiting loopholes or arguing that
their actions were within the bounds of the law.
· Corporate Influence: The
influence of powerful corporations can hinder investigations and legal
proceedings, impacting the ability to hold individuals accountable.
Addressing white-collar crime requires legal frameworks
that
adapt to evolving financial practices and increased
transparency to prevent and
prosecute
these offenses effectively.
