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BT101 Assignment No 1 solution 2023
Solution:
What is Ecosystem? Differentiate b/w Interspecific &
Intraspecific Competition?
Ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a topographic area where
plants, animals, and other animals, as well as elements and scenery, work
together to form a life force. A series of interactions between organisms and
their environment is called an ecosystem. In 1935, an English botanist named
A.G. Tinsley came up with the term "Ecosystem. “Explore the ecosystem's
structure, components, types, and functions in the notes that follow. The
arrangement of biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem defines its
structure. This includes how our environment distributes energy. The climate
that is prevalent in that particular environment is also included.
Example: Pool ecosystem, forestry ecosystem.
An ecosystem's structure can be broken down into two main
parts: namely:
• Biotic
Components
• Abiotic
Components
An ecosystem's biotic and abiotic components are intertwined.
It is an open system in which energy and parts can move across boundaries.
Biotic Components
All living components in an ecosystem are referred to as
biotic components. Biological components can be classified as autotrophs, heterotrophs,
or decomposers, based on the foods they eat.
• Producers include all plants, which are
autotrophs. The structure of an ecosystem can be divided into two main parts:
Consequently, producers supply all other organisms higher up the food chain
with food.
• Consumers or heterotrophs Organisms that rely on
other organisms for food are called heterotrophs. Primary, secondary, and
tertiary consumers are further subcategories of consumers.
• Primary
consumers are always herbivores as they get
their food from farmers.
• Secondary
consumers depend on primary consumers for
Power. They can be omnivorous or carnivorous.
• Tertiary
consumers are organisms that get their food
from secondary consumers. Tertiary
shoppers can likewise be carnivores or omnivores.
Quaternary
consumers are found in a few food chains. These organisms seek energy
from tertiary consumers. Furthermore, they typically occupy the top of a food
chain because they lack natural predators..
Saprophytes, decomposers include bacteria and
fungi. They directly thrive on decaying, dead organic matter. Because they
assist in the recycling of nutrients so that plants can re-use them,
decomposers are crucial to the ecosystem.
Abiotic Components
The non-living components of
an ecosystem are called abiotic components. Air, water, soil, minerals,
daylight, temperature, supplements, wind, elevation, turbidity, etc. are
totally included.
Difference between Interspecific and
Intraspecific Competition
What is Interspecific Competition?
The competition between different
species in the same ecological area is called interspecific competition. Food,
light, water, and territory are some of the limited resources at stake in the
competition. Based on the mechanism, there are two kinds of patterns of
competition between species: Competitive advantage: One species' use of a
limited resource renders it unavailable to the competition's other species in
this type of competition. Interference competition is the direct competition
between different species for resources.
Figure 1: Contest Between Panther
Leo and croute
There are two other types of interspecific
competition based on the outcome.
• Scramble competition – The competition and the
rival species both suppress them equally in this setting, which can result in a
lower birth rate or a lower survival rate.
• Contest competition – All of the other competitors
are adversely affected in this instance, while only a few are
unaffected.
Gene Flow
Happen between diverged classes.
Mating Competition
Not observe
Outcomes
Competition between species frequently results in extinction. There
is a possibility that the smaller number of species that have undergone global
adaptation will use fewer of the resources anticipated by the two species. Members
of that class have a lower chance of surviving as a result, and the types may
vanish.
Example
•
An
example of interspecific competition in the oceanic is the connection between
corals and sponges. Sponges are actual rich in coral reefs. If they developed
too effective, however, they take required food and other possessions from the
corals that brand up the bank.
•
Interspecific
competition among lions and leopards that contend for comparable prey and
interspecific competition among rice paddies with wildflowers increasing in the
field.
•
Another
straightforward illustration of interspecific competition occurs in the ocean,
where, despite the abundance of fish, some classes frequently serve as the
equivalent prey for numerous dolphins, birds, and sharks.
What is Intraspecific Competition?
The competition between members of the same species for
limited resources in the same ecological area is known as intraspecific
competition. It is influenced by population density, and this kind of
competition has a significant impact in dense populations. More importantly,
because it alters population dynamics like size and composition, it is one of
the primary forces driving evolution. Only those who are perfectly suited to
their surroundings can live here.
Figure 2: Male
Hartebeest Strenuously Defend Their Territories
Intraspecific competition can be broken down into
exploitative competition, interference competition, scramble competition, and
contest competition, just like interspecific competition. Members compete
directly in interference competition, whereas members compete indirectly in
exploitative competition. Partners engage in the most intense interspecies
competition. While intraspecific competition is the competition for resources
between members of the same species, interspecific competition is a form of
competition between species that share an ecological area..
Competition
Members
of different species compete against one another in interspecific competition,
whereas members of the same species compete against one another in
intraspecific competition. The primary distinction between intraspecific and
interspecific competition is made clear by this.
Adaptations
In
addition, intraspecific competition refers to competition between individuals
who have comparable adaptations and competition between individuals who have
distinct adaptations.
Requirements
Another
distinction between intraspecific and interspecific competition is the
motivation behind the competition. While intraspecific competition is focused
on the needs of the species as a whole, interspecific competition is focused on
a specific need.
Influence
One
significant distinction between intraspecific and interspecific competition is
the effect of competition. Interspecific competition has the potential to
suppress either both species and one of them, whereas intraspecific competition
has a direct impact on population size and composition.
Severity
of the Effect
The
effect of the interspecific interaction is not much severe while the effect of
the intraspecific interaction can be severe.
Examples
• During the salmon spawning season, larger, more dominant grizzly bears inhabit the best fishing spots on a river.
• In an effort to safeguard their possessions, songbirds like Eastern Towhees defend regions from which they withdraw their nationals.
• Barnacles vying for space on rocks, where they filter water to get their food.
Conclusion
Interspecific competition is when members of different species compete with one another for food or territory, while intraspecific interaction is when members of the same species compete with one another for territory, food, and mating.
The type of members competing is the primary distinction between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
Mating Competition
Broadly noticed coupling contest
Gene Flow
Among
hereditarily distinct inhabitants.
Outcomes
At high population concentrations, aptness is adversely impacted by intense intraspecific competition.
Condensed survival rates, measured growth rates, decreased prolificacy, and diminished multiplicative rate result from high population concentration.
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